Vladimir Mikhailov Spring is in full swing, summer is not far off when, as is known, it is best to lay the foundations of houses. And so - it's time to talk about the types and selection criteria of the foundations. Kind of foundation is primarily determined by the characteristics of the soil at a given location, terrain features and the parameters of most buildings. The relationship is so tough, so to start remind our readers about the basic types of foundations. Classification of foundations - quite traditional, it varies little with age. The bases are divided into two groups: specialized (buried), and shallow-buried. In the first case of concrete structures installed below the level of soil freezing in the second - at a depth of approximately 0,5 meters. Recall that the average depth of frost in our region is 1.5 meters. A comparison of these figures it is clear that the number of laid concrete can vary three-fold or more, respectively, several times will vary and the cost of different types of foundations. Further, depending on how the foundations are based on the ground, they are columnar, tape and Slab. Pier foundation is a concrete piles, poles, which support the house in a few key points. Point - not a line, much less a solid concrete field, and hence the material is spent not very much. However, any price to fight for the laying of precisely this type of foundation, of course, is not worth it. In some cases, it is absolutely unacceptable and its use will be a flagrant violation of SNIP. Application of strip foundation involves summing up of concrete structures under all load-bearing walls of the house. As a result, the perimeter of the structure formed by a concrete "ribbon" with internal jumpers. This type of foundation already requires more resources and materials than a bar. However, while retaining a lot of voids and have the opportunity to save money. Strip foundations, as experience shows, is very robust, is simple to perform and is the most common type of foundation. Under his first dig a trench, then made a simple design of formwork and poured concrete. In the construction of strip foundation is not necessarily filled with liquid concrete, you can make it out of brick, as well as ready-made concrete blocks. Sometimes these foundations make specialized, with the sole dug about 20 centimeters below freezing, and sometimes - shallow-buried. The upper part of the strip foundation is usually a cap, which may be acting, disengaging or made flush with the outer wall of the house. Slab foundations are doing, if you can not do tape. That is, if you need to strengthen not only the perimeter, but the whole construction area. Slab foundation - a massive concrete slab, which covers the entire area of ??the house. It is very durable, guaranteed to protect the house from subsidence and collapse, but expensive. In the construction of slab foundations is a danger to violate the so-called "golden rule", whereby the cost of the foundation shall not exceed one fifth of the total value of the house. If the foundation is more expensive, the construction goes beyond common sense, and perhaps better to move house to another location. In addition, the laying technology slab foundation is more complicated than in two previous cases, and the time for pouring concrete, and the waiting time until he attains the strength required more. In terms of design bases are divided into monolithic, consisting of a single mass of concrete and block, in which parts of the blocks are going into a whole. Material for the foundation, usually a concrete or reinforced concrete. Both of them possess the necessary strength, water resistance and resistance to aggressive media. In some cases, a brick. On which we stand? So, with the types of foundations sorted out. Now it's time to move on to the main selection criteria, the first of which - the characteristics of the soil at a specific site. Determine these characteristics by eye, guided by their own amateurish knowledge, is quite dangerous. Under the dense sand, for example, may be hiding deep in the bog, and if it does not take into account, there may be serious trouble for the home. Consequently, the initial phase of construction needed to carry out certain complex geological surveys on the site. Possible to obtain complete information would have to dig a pit, or even drill a well, but there's better to spend too much, than greedy. It is clear that conduct such research can only specialized organization with a license for this type of work. Specialists determine the type of soil, the depth of the frost, assess the danger of landslides if the house is built on a slope, as well as determine the depth of groundwater and its seasonal variations. Only then a decision is made and recommendations for installation of foundations. Sometimes the future homeowners, acquainted with the geology section, made the decision to build houses in another place. Reasons there were different: some one feared for the safety of buildings, some one, prikinuv estimates of future construction, found it unduly inflated. No matter how picturesque area, if there is a chance that the walls of your home will once cracked, for example, because of subsidence, it is best not to risk it. The mass of soil, which is under the building and carrying his weight, called the base structure. Load transfer directly to ground through the ground underneath the building, which represent the actual foundation. Bearing capacity of the base determined by the load at which the sediment is obtained, reasonable in size and uniformity for a given facility. Different soils give different sediment because of different properties: kakieto of them can easily pass water, delaying kakieto, one fraught with the landslide, others are quite stable, with some freezing strongly swells, the other - quite a bit. If you do not consider slabs of granite or stone embankment of natural origin, the most reliable - homogeneous sandy soils, consisting of coarse sand. In such a soil foundation gives a uniform sediment, Do not tilt and does not feel strong pressures from the soil. It is on these grounds, if the construction of the building allows, you can use shallow-buried foundations, which will serve as a reliable pillar of the house. Fine-grained sand and pulverized, and clay soils are good only in dry weather, but an abundance of moisture, they become fluid and was frozen in the cold winter, the deep. The outcome of this process is enormous pressure on the construction of the basement, resulting in a structure can warp, and the walls will crack. However, such soils are very common in our region, and therefore to panic and to carry on the reason for the construction of coarse sand is not necessary. The way out is not so complicated: you just bury the sole foundation below the freezing depth of soil, that is to make a profile foundation. This will contribute to more expensive construction, but still you will not ruin. The most dangerous peat base, which also sometimes occurs. And put on his tenement house - with disastrous results. If you do not want to part with such a plot, the better to remove the peat and fill the resulting trench with sand, making the so-called sandy base. One of the main characteristics of the soil - the level of groundwater. He is almost unpredictable and sometimes causes make significant adjustments to the building plans. If the freezing level above the groundwater table, consider yourself lucky. If on the contrary, we should expect swelling soil during prolonged preservation of sub-zero temperatures. Swelling, usually does not happen uniformly, where some rise more ground, somewhere - is less the result that the facade could easily become covered with cracks. Exit sign - a device of the same sunken foundation, which will be the sole below freezing. Finally, mention and an important factor, as the terrain. There is no dispute: the house on the hill looks very picturesque, as well as building on a steep river bank. Here are just there to grief within reach, because differences of height and clippings from the gullies is always fraught with sudden landslides. Heavy construction increases this risk, and therefore should be seven times to measure before digging trenches on the slopes under the foundation. And of course, without research specialists here just can not do. What build? Of course, the design itself built another important and often overriding factor in choosing the type of foundation. First you need to know what height will the house, how thick are the walls of what material will be equipped with a basement, etc. All these points must be recorded in project documents, which together with the report of experts on geological survey should identify nuances of the zero cycle. Only after a comparison of these documents the designer can give competent opinion on the need to device a certain type of foundation. If you do, let's build a country house made of brick, it is unlikely that a specialist will recommend you to pier foundation. The fact that the proportion of cubic meters of brick wall is very large, and thus maintained a wall should not at some points, but at least around the perimeter. Perhaps you can recommend to make a strip footing with the descent, which corresponds to the type of soil on the site. On strip foundations can build a fairly massive walls, and thus the cost of the foundation will be quite moderate. It also happens that the soil under the brick cottage is not very strong or relief at the construction site choppy. In this case, may recommend to arrange a slab foundation, which, of course, more expensive, but will serve as a reliable base for load-bearing walls. If you have a project with the provided ground floor, in the case of slab foundations of it have to be abandoned. This example shows that the decision on the foundation you need to take as soon as possible so as not to change in future plans to build a house. Practice shows that the structure of large area, typically used strip foundation and slab is placed under the small house without a high pedestal, in which the basis of sex is itself a concrete slab. Under the foundation is made of sand and crushed stone backfill approximately two feet thick, but in the plate provide for special ribs. If the house is built of wooden wall materials, then the foundation can be saved, without any damage to buildings. Sometimes there is enough simple shallow-buried basement. His doing so: remove the topsoil thickness up to half a meter, put crushed stone, stamps it, and install perimeter drains. Gravel surface plank-film membrane is placed a layer of moist sand, heat insulation, waterproofing make and install ironwork. After which concrete is poured, forming a solid and reliable foundation. Sometimes for a wooden house comes even cheaper pier foundation. Tree - a relatively lightweight material, and if the walls are not massive, it sometimes is enough to put a few concrete pillars, leaving the ground (this is desirable) below the freezing depth. In between the pillars of the severity of the house take on the crowns of the lower framework. By the way, with this foundation is very easy to organize a permanent airing the bottom of the log that the wooden wall structures is extremely important.
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