Wicker furnishings

Wicker furniture that can transform any room into a charming country house, if not in an Italian palazzo! Return to the fashion that prevailed at the time of our grandparents and great-grandfathers, a kind of tribute to retro touched including furniture. Elegant tables, chairs and other wicker furnishings, gained extraordinary popularity in recent years. A bit of history in different parts of the world people have long used basketry, because in almost every climate zone there are plants, various parts of which (long flexible twigs, roots or leaves) can be used for weaving. In this case, extraction and processing of these plants are not so time-consuming and subject to force, even women and children. Therefore, wicker boxes, containers for food storage, baskets, chests and trunks have always been widely used in agriculture.

Laying parquet on the mastic

This kind of flooring is made up of individual slats that can be mounted on mastic or nails. In the first case requires strict negvozdimoe base in the second - nailability. Plank flooring in a "Christmas tree" with no freezes and friezes. This flooring is laid on the cold or hot mastic. The base should be of sufficient strength without potholes and cracks. Consider laying flooring in the tree without the frieze on the concrete or cement base or screed. First of all, the base is cleaned of dirt, mortar, dust and other contaminants. Check substrate moisture and air temperature in the room: the air temperature must be below 10 °, relative humidity - below 60% moisture content of cement-sand screed - not more than 6%, intercommunication concrete floors - no more than 4%. Remove any dust and dirt base, check the flatness and levelness tie, if necessary, correct the base, dried and ground. As a reason to stick zvukoteploizolyatsii fibreboard, they are cut out and paste on the hot asphalt mastic and well pripressovyvayut. Can be applied cold bitumen mastic, but it should be waterproof mastic. Fibreboard shall not be continuous and broken edges, the humidity of not more than 12%. First fibreboard dry cut to size. They were then placed on dry ground with gaps between the slabs of 5-6 mm. (This is necessary for expansion boards.) Thereafter plates alternately raised and plank on the hot or cold asphalt mastic. Plate immersed in the paste be careful not to spray it on walls, and well they pripressovyvayut, preferably under prigruzkoy.

Flooring of inlaid (mosaic) flooring

This flooring is a square board (or cover), recruited from bars of different lengths and thicknesses, glued on thick paper face. The back of the shield bonded to the substrate with a bituminous mastic. In addition, there are parquet, glued back (back) side on a solid elastic material, which then remains in the design and after laying the parquet. Carpets come in different sizes, so they should be selected in accordance with the size of the room, assuming that the room if possible fit a whole number of squares-carpet. Previously for each building must choose rugs by size, pattern, color and wood species. Good selection is such as integer carpets fit without any additives at one time or another room. Selected carpets recommended again to sort, so that one shade carpets were in the first row, the other - in the second, etc. plank flooring on a hard bottom, mostly on a concrete screed. Screed must be done very precisely, with deviations of no more than 1 mm. Validation is performed fugovannoy rack 2 m Flooring is made on a hardwood floor mastic. The back side of carpet should come into contact with cement and the screed not less than 80% of the area rug. At 100% by Mr. adjacency mat screed to provide the most reliable bonding. On the thickness of mastic also depends on the strength of gluing. Pre-before gluing parquet paste to be mixed thoroughly and check it out thickness (see Fig. 32). Inlaid parquet plank so (Fig. 36). Along two walls pull two cords, perpendicular to each other.

Laying parquet on the nails on the wooden base

Reason (or black floors) consists of a boardwalk laid on wooden joists. Joists and flooring should be antiseptirovany and dried. Lags can serve the board or thick bars 25-40 and 80-100 mm wide. The distance between them depends on the thickness of the planks used for flooring. Laying lag and boards produce very accurate. If verification fugovannoy rack 2 m in length with the level of the floor there are deviations of more than 1 mm, the flooring must align planing. Snake spread so that the gaps between the boards of the base did not coincide with the mechanical junction of the parquet rows (Fig. 41). Otherwise, the nail being driven in the end groove strips, gets into a crack between the boards, which reduces the strength of the safety flooring. When the parquet on nails subfloor veiled cardboard, paper or glassine. This is done to nastlanny parquet does not creak, and to reduce sound transmission through the beam in the wall. When laying the parquet with a frieze in the center of the room pull cord for lighthouse Christmas tree. The rest of the process of laying parquet flooring similar to the process for mastic. Hardwood plank nail a length of 40 and a thickness of 1,6-1,8 mm. Each bar up to 300 mm hammer three nails: two - in the side slot, and one - in the end. In the bar longer than 300 mm hammer four nails, three of them - in the side slot, and one - in the end. Parquet flooring can lead to one, but better together: a parquet, and the other picks up right and left strips and lay them for 4-6 pieces while moving first.

Laying parquet different pattern

Parquet plank squares, straight lines, and deployed, as well as straight lines, carpet (Fig. 43), with and without a frieze frieze. When laying the flooring straight square plates are arranged parallel to the walls of the room. With almost no need cut strips. When laying parquet expanded square plates have a 45 ° angle to the walls of the room. Blog square can be done without waste way, but you have to saw a lot of strips to fill the triangles, which remain in the ground of contiguity parquet flooring to the walls and frieze. A plan laying parquet in the form of squares, first spread a strip of bars and the width of the room. It is advisable to select strap long enough to figure lay on the ground with the least amount of waste. Of course, the wall, you can use strips of other sizes. When properly drafted terms of laying the ends of strips have to saw off only after the laying of one of the short sides of the room. Laying lighthouse series of squares pull cord across the room. On the stretched cord plank plank in mastic or a nail. Lighthouse series plank as evenly as possible. Perform parquet pattern unfolded square starting with a trial installation dry squares on the diagonal of the room. Trims pick such a size that can be put across the room is an integer squares. The first series start plank from the wall at a distance equal to half the diagonal of the square plus a 15-20 mm gap between the wall and flooring. This distance is set aside from the corners of the room. On the opposite long walls are the points to pull the cord.

Repair doors and covers

Boxes, trims, parapet boards (sills), air vents, the ebb of time and improper operation of doors and window frames unstuck, crack, warping, rot, etc. In this case, they are not repairable. Doors and covers are manufactured in such a way that the porch they had leaks in widths from 2 to 2.5 mm. It is necessary for further staining. Internal doors never hang close to the floor. Between the door and the floor should be a clearance of at least 10 mm to the door you could put a track or carpet and it would not hurt to open and close doors. Inside the house or apartment is no threshold. It can only be chopped wooden houses. In other houses the lower bar raised above the floor level of 10-15 mm only at the door. For the repair of doors and covers are widely used screws of different sizes. They can be flat, Oval or round head. Their length from 7 to 120 mm, thickness from 1,6 to 10 mm, head diameter of 3 mm to 20 mm. To wrap the screws in slotting head slots (grooves) of different width and depth, which depends on the size of screws. Flat head screws wrap the wood flush with the surface detail. These screws are mainly used for attaching hinges, mortise locks, and some details. Screws Oval and round head can screw tight rim locks, handles, latches and other devices in which the head will not interfere with their work. Should pay attention to the threads of screws (Fig. 1). Acute thread cut into the wood, cutting its fibers, and thus firmly holds the screw. With a blunt screw thread just crushes fibers and thus ill-kept in a timber.

Flooring from hardwood boards

Hardwood plank boards on wooden sleepers antiseptirovannym thickness of 25-40 mm (thickness depends on the type of intercommunication floor). Laghi recommended to lay the premises along parallel rows, strictly on a level with the distance between axles 400 mm. Shield size 800x800 mm should be based on three logs, one of which is under the middle of the shield, and two others - at its edges. Boards with nails attached to a long lag of 60-70 mm. Logs are placed in soundproof backing or pads. Plank boards are somewhat easier than hardwood boards. Laying technique is as follows. First of all, define the place for the Lighthouse series, for which the floor space pull two cords which intersect at right angles. One of them runs along the long side of the room at a distance of 810 mm from the wall (800 mm length of the shield plus 10-15 mm gap between the shield and the wall), the other - at the same distance from the short wall. According to this column, packed by the letter F, placed two series of panels of Lighthouse, the first - in the corner farthest from the entrance. Checking the correctness of placing the shield on the cord, it nailed to each lag. If you use boards with the grooves, then put in their bonding with three spines and they skewer the following boards (Fig. 35). At the edge of the panels, facing the wall, you can drive nails from the top: cap them in the future will be covered with skirting no less than 10-12 mm. If the panels are manufactured with grooves and ridges, the edges with ridges turning to the walls.

Finish flooring

Gouging flooring is needed when the parquet nastlan carelessly and individual plates strongly favor or when flooring strongly detest. Planing operates planes and jack-plane with a well-Edged and directed knives. Planed wood in the direction of the fibers. Parquet, rubbed with a wet rag, planed easier, but less pure than the dry. Planing carry on his knees. To lower your knees feel the hardness of the parquet, under which enclose something soft, and for large volumes of the master-parquet wearing specially sewn felt kneepads. Sanding parquet perform in order to clean up the wood surface after planing, since it is often a lot of lint. Tsiklyuyut on wet and dry wood. The wet tsiklevat easier, but after drying on the surface may remain nap. To remove it, it is necessary to re-tsiklevat well-Edged and directed cycle. Sanding of dry wood a lot harder, but surface is cleaner, lint-free cloth. Sharpen and direct cycle in this case there is more. Procedure for sanding next. Sweep floors, remove some contamination, wipe a small portion of the floor with a damp cloth or foam. (Very wet the flooring can not be, since it dries, strips could warp.) Series takes two hands, puts a parquet floor, and with the push of moving it over, remove the chip (Fig. 44). Chipping periodically sweep to the side so it does not interfere with work. Cycle are along the strip in the direction of fibers, and not vice versa, so there was no scoring. Sanding parquet only intact, but do not align depression and sag.

Flooring of the parquet

Parquet floors can be installed on the sleepers, packed into separate columns on the concrete foundation (Fig. 34). And attach the logs have so arranged them parquet planks do not bend. Floors of parquet boards can be held on the first floor, in the so-called basement and nadpolnyh premises, provided that the premises are dry. Lags in this case are laid on concrete or brick columns up to 250 mm, standing on the ground at a distance of 400-500 mm apart. Brick pillars for stability operates in a half or two bricks. Placed first on bars waterproofing of two or three layers of roofing or roofing material on them - antiseptirovannye wood or other pads on the strip - lags thickness of 40-60 and a width of 100-120 mm. Lag can only dock on the posts. The surface of the bars must lie strictly in one plane. The same accuracy is presented and the surface lag. Laghi previously well dried, antiseptic, and again dried. If the soil in the underground a bit damp, it should be well dried, seal the bars at 150 mm from the ground (soil) and be sure to perform a second waterproofing on top of the columns. When moist soil should be taken to secure waterproofing of the underground, as dampness accelerates the decay of wood and defeat her Brownie fungus. Under such floor coverings must be designed ventilation holes to ventilate the underground space. Holes the size of 20x20 or 20x30 cm are placed on opposite sides of the cap. In addition, the floors themselves necessarily leave the vents, lockable metal bars within.

Device and repairing hardwood floors. Materials

Parquet (Fig. 31, b) are made of oak, beech, hornbeam, ash, maple, elm, elm (elm), chestnut, acacia, birch, pine and larch humidity of not more than 8%. The thickness of the planks of hard wood 15 mm, made of soft - 18 mm. The front side should be clean and smooth. The thickness of the wear layer - 7 - 10 mm (considered to face up to the ridge). Width of the slats 30 to 90 mm every 5 mm, ie 30, 35, 40 mm, etc., the length of the strips 150-500 mm with an interval of 50 mm (150, 200, 250 mm etc. ). Parquet strips depending on the profile edges are divided into two types: P1 - with ridges and grooves on opposite edges and ends, P2 - from the ridge on one edge and grooves on the other edge and ends. Crest - the protruding part strap that runs along its edge and face. Paz - a seizure, which is inserted into the crest connecting rods together and get a hard cover. Edge wear on the part of the ridge have a bevel of 3 ° for both types of brackets, the other side, with a groove - a straight line without the bevel. Bevel doing to strip during their laying tightly adjoined to one another. Permissible humidity strips parquet 9 ± 3%. Wood quality should be high. On the front side straps are unacceptable cracks, knots, wormholes, flakes, etc. On the reverse side are allowed certain defects, including rough plots of less than 30% of the plate. Keep the floor plank is necessary in dry conditions, but not near heating devices. Parquet panels (Fig. 31) consists of a wooden base and top front cover of the parquet slats of equal width with straight edges milled.

Device partitions

Partitions - it is easy wall separating the inner space of the building into separate rooms. Mezhkvartirnye partitions should be at least 20 cm, interior - at least 5-10 cm Arrange them in a strong nonflammable materials with low heat and sound conductivity. Desirable to use local materials. Unlike capital partition walls do not rely on foundations and on beams (joists), but in any case not on the floor, binder, or roll forward. Partitions must not have cracks, cavities, leaking heat, sounds and smells of all sorts, where they could settle a variety of insects and rodents. Surface of any finished walls must be smooth and easily cleaned. In order to fire safety combustible and fireproof partitions, typically plaster, as a purely made only shpatlyuyut. Wooden partition in front gasket drann halt matting or felt poorly conducting heat and sound. Instead of wet plaster is now mainly used plasterboard (sheetrock). They can stick to the mastic or nailed. Sheetrock higher fire risks. Partitions made of a variety of materials: wood, brick, plaster and concrete slabs, etc. Given the sediment of the building, the newly aligned homes leave a gap between the partition and the ceiling is 10 cm Since built up at home, especially chopped, for the first time, give greater sediment (10 cm or more) walls is recommended to arrange after total precipitation at home, after konopatki a year or two. But in this case, the sediment should leave a gap in the partitions not less than 1 cm Structural barriers are many, here we consider some of them.

Redevelopment - the key terms

Architectural design - architectural part of the documentation for construction and planning documentation, which contains architectural decisions that take into account the complex social, economic, functional, engineering, technical, fire, sanitation and hygiene. Applicant - a person (natural or legal), forward as the initiators of activities (work) for the reconstruction of rooms in residential homes. Engineering equipment - water, sewage, musoroudaleniya, heating, ventilation, electricity, communications and other engineering devices and in-house communications, designed for comfortable use of facilities by people and / or industrial uses. Interior partitions - vertical fence separating the adjoining rooms in the room and not the load on other parts of the building. Distinguish plank, frame, sliding, solid, stationary and panel walls. Purpose room - forcing the use of functional space in accordance with the design decision, duly approved. Bearing wall - a wall of the load from other parts of the building, floors and roofs and transmit it along with its own mass base. Reconstruction of facilities - holding one or several (inter) the premises of a residential building activities (works) associated with a change of location or size of premises, their composition and / or functional purposes, as well as their technical equipment. The concept of "reconstruction" includes the redevelopment of premises, their conversion or rearrangement of equipment, device (sealing) of openings in walls, ceilings and walls.

Decorative finishing plaster

Smooth wall surfaces can be decorative, causing plaster sprayed, Rustam, etc. On the wooden walls, it can be made of conventional lime-gypsum mortars, the stone and the like - from the lime-gypsum, cement and cement-lime solutions. Texture sprayed done throwing the solution through a mesh strjahivaniem solution with a broom or with a brush. Sprayed through the mesh with a broom perform any solution (even with large aggregates), sprayed with a brush - a solution with a fine filler. To get a tight sprayed without permits, it is repeated several times until the surface is not coated with a solution will not seats. Sprayed over the net. On a wooden frame the size of 1000x1000 or 1000x1500 mm pull a grid with mesh size from 2,5 to 10 mm (depending on the size texture). That the grid does not buckle and vibrate, with the reverse side of the frame on the diagonal pull on the wire, which carries the net, tying it to the wire in two or three places. To frame has always defended the same distance from the surface, her nail bar - rack length 100-250 mm. Constant position relative to the frame plastered surface makes it possible to get sprayed the same size, but it should throw a solution with equal force. Frame puts the damage to the surface of the soil and a trowel with a falcon throw over the net solution. Passing through the grid, the solution is cut and falls to the surface in the form of tubercles. Sprayed with a broom perform well. Take a birch broom without leaves, chop off the ends.

Execution of architectural details

Siphon eaves. Cornice podugi beautifully decorated, it consists of a set of architectural calving: shelves, shelves, rollers, shafts, jibs, heels, etc. (Fig. 64). For pulling curtain is necessary to make a special template (Fig. 65). All details must be handled jack-plane or a plane, struts - a knife. Profile-board cut is strictly a triangle. Its size on the top (ceiling) and bottom (wall) part should be 50-70 mm longer profile of the cornice. These allowances are called excuses (see Fig. 65). They provide a smooth stretch bands at the same level with the wall and ceiling. Then they hone to the plane of the plaster. On the profile board transfer profile drawn on paper cornice given excuses and cut with a knife. One side of the cut profile of mowing (cut at an angle of 20-30 °). Cut side is called "to gloss" and nesrezannaya - for tearing off. " Pulling out perform "to shine" or "tearing off". After that, drawn on paper profile cornice transferred to a piece of steel roofing, cut and nailed with small nails, 5-10 mm apart to unmown side wooden profile (for tearing off "). Thus protects the wood from rapid wear of the solution. Bottom-profile board nailed to the sled, and then further cementing braces nailed on both sides. Struts not only hold the board in the sled, but also serve as handles for which the charge pattern during the drawing of the cornice. Prior to pulling the cornice to the ceiling and upper walls to apply a coat of primer.

Increase the living space ...

Unlike a simple glass, which can run yourself or with firms that specialize in this connection loggia - the process is rather complicated and requires treatment in a major repair and construction company. By the way, these companies are helping to shape and legal issues related to this: The fact that such alterations require the consent of IAC (Interagency Committee) at the prefecture of the district. Typically, the customer has no time for negotiation and to the same well-executed project in a position to do just a professional designer. The first idea is to attach a loggia arises from the owners of those apartments, where every inch counts, and where it is simply necessary to use every opportunity to increase the living area. In these "babes" is not always possible to get rid of unnecessary barriers due to the fact that they usually carry. And then the only option as you increase the space becomes the union of loggias and living quarters. If you decide to take it, then work must begin with the fence, which can be made of brick or reinforced concrete slabs. Most frequently under the fence there is a place to drain. So, before you insulate the loggia, you must close all the gaps at the bottom and the sides if necessary. You can do this by laying their bricks. The next stage of work - installation of window units. Glazing of loggias with this kind of redevelopment is most often used hollow profile of rigid PVC (polyvinyl chloride) with thin septa. This profile wear-resistant, it is difficult to ignite, does not conduct electric current, and retains heat well and provides the necessary mechanical strength.

How to build a wall inside the apartment

Everyone who wanted renovated apartment at least once wondered: did I have to break this wall, but not for me to move this wall two meters to the right and at an angle of 45? Issues relating to various building codes and approvals, I will not be considered here, since this topic is not for an article, but for the whole book, but we assume that all the cherished paper with signatures and seals in your pocket, all hinder the flight of your imagination partitioning demolished and left only to start the construction of new ones. The first thing to understand what you need from your walls. Will it simply partition separating one room from another, or something more. Do you need heat and sound insulation or not, whether it is in your wall niche or arched doorway. Or maybe you put a sliding door and want to make it goes inside the wall, or you can not imagine my life without regular exercise, but do not know whether it is possible to fix a horizontal bar or wall bars to your new partition or not. And so on ... Warm wall insulation walls relevant for those who live in the corner apartment where the two walls of the room are a facade, or in case of any defects in the facade, because in a normal house, built in compliance with all building codes and without breaking technology, these problems have it should not. So, insulate should, obviously, only the exterior walls. In commonly used as insulation glass wool, mineral wool or polystyrene foam. Then cover the insulation gypsum plasterboard, fixed to the frame in one or two layers.

Most Popular redevelopment

Flats in which we live, most of them - a standard layout. And although many types do not always get to choose one that fits our idea of ??beauty. As the experience of the Moscow builders, recently bought more and more citizens with repairs and alterations to the apartment. Before you do alterations themselves, many would be interested to know how and what others are doing. We decided to find out what options redevelopment of apartments in Moscow is now more popular than most, and interviewed to this end, several construction companies. Now the union is popular kitchen and living room in panel houses a large room for cooking and entertaining. However, in new brick houses of the 90's (hereinafter - just a "brick house") it turns out to be unrealistic, since the room and the kitchen they are usually shared the load bearing wall, demolish that is not recommended. The most that can expect a tenant of the brick house in this situation - a new door opening, a specially reinforced. But the lucky occupants of houses Stalinist buildings - their architecture allows to demolish all the walls in the apartment and make a very real "studio" (which is now considered fashionable in Moscow). The higher is your apartment, the large area of ??the walls can be demolished and the more exotic designs can be placed in doorways instead of ordinary doors. For example, a typical handyman, remodelers apartments for $ 500 ready to close the doorway, and cut a new one, but for 100 dollars to do the arch of the drywall.

Device cellar

Large stocks of food conveniently stored in special rooms - storerooms or cellars. Their sizes are different. Cellars can be indoors or outside. Dry foods stored in storerooms with floor raised above ground level not less than 50 cm is better if the height of the floors above ground level exceeds this. Pantry must arrange with ventilation, providing fresh air, which contributes to long-term preservation of food. The walls, ceiling, floor must be free of cracks, but it is recommended to arrange them in the vents, back mesh and tight closing doors. On the walls of the storerooms arrange shelves or chests, boxes in which to store products. Spence, as well as the area around it must be clean. To the pantry is not infested with granary pests, it is necessary only once or twice a year and cleaned with a disinfectant solution to air. Not all products can be stored in the vaults. For example, for potatoes, sauerkraut, pickles, marinades have to arrange the cellar, and for perishable products - the glacier. Cellars and ice should be built only in the high places. In the lowlands they do not recommended, as there often are located close to groundwater. Cellars and glaciers may be square, rectangular or other shapes. Their height should be not less than 2 m. The walls of the cellars and the glaciers are built of different materials, but preferably such as solid as stone, brick, concrete. Wooden walls in the cellars and the glaciers are long. They also quickly become infected wood mushrooms.

Remodelling of one-bedroom apartment

One-bedroom apartments, if they do not draw properly, can become a disaster for its owners, especially if you live there is not one person but several. You need to consider many details, so that was convenient and comfortable for each family member to wish all could "run up" in their nooks and stay, at least in a relative, but alone. The most difficult thing in this situation, children who need a lot of space to play and to learn, but also all other family members should not be infringed. So do not wait for a cure and no single solution for all at once, no re-planning studio apartment must exercise professional who can think and take into account all the nuances, as well as tell you what and how you should do to you do not have any problems then pure technical nature, like that you can not get permission to conceived (and, at worst, and has already undertaken) redevelopment. The main disadvantage one-bedroom apartments - the lack of space. All space is forced by the vital things, such as cabinets, tables, bookshelves and the like. It turns out that unfold in such a situation a person is not possible. The yield in this situation, we can propose a radical: to carry the maximum number of partitions (talking, of course, an expert who says that can be removed without compromising your safety and without any problems for subsequent approval), to the point to even bring together the living space and kitchen. In addition, sometimes one-bedroom apartments there are large halls.

How do I add a balcony?

Of course, if your house is buried in verdure, and the windows overlook the charming courtyard, you will be parted from his balcony at any price. But if your side noisy busy highways or railways, and your windows always black with dust and fumes, then fit thoughtful: why need this balcony? You can, of course, simply glazing a balcony or loggia, and to use this room as a pantry. But if your house already has a store or you just do not like to collect any "junk" Why not use your legal square meters and include them in the area of ??the apartment? By the way, balconies in some apartments have an area of ??no less than 6 to 9 square meters. m! Because of these meters here in a few years, not abated battles. Some said that the balcony not connect, while others asserted that a long time ago you can, and some frightened that those who have already joined - make "separate" back! How could things really are? Balcony in the law Legal history of this issue resembles the Brazilian series, in which tears are replaced by universal jubilation, and then the main character is again on the thread of Once Upon a Time in the remodeled into living rooms balconies worked hard and indisputable law "On the order of conversion facilities, which prevents the conversion of loggias and balconies in residential premises, as well as the removal of them heaters. Then, against the backdrop of massive (and their dangerous ignorance of) the violations authorities were forced to adopt a new law (N 37, 1999), who nevertheless acknowledged the right of citizens to conversion of apartments subject to "compliance with all rules, rights and lawful interests of other persons, and well preserved houses. " However, after five years, city authorities were terrified of democracy and the consequences of such immediate release Law N 22 "On Making Amendments and Addenda to the Law N 37" against "actions that affect the architectural appearance of the houses," which included "the transformation of existing bay window loggias and balconies.

Five golden rules for redevelopment

The beginning of a successful redevelopment is the solution that you need is a room in this building. Buying a few apartments with a view to merging, it is necessary to clarify to what's been built. If this is the end of XIX - beginning of XX century, the building is likely to have hardwood floors on timber beams (with rare exceptions, early 30's) that connect the opposing outer wall of the house and unloaded from sagging mezhkvartirnymi partitions, also made of wooden planks or logs. Almost everywhere in the house floors rotten and flimsy, and safely destroy mezhkvartirnye partition do not succeed, because of what your idea of ??unification becomes almost impossible. Most successful for a major reconstruction of the houses built in the 30-60's. Rule 1. Find out the technical condition of the building where the purchased space. Survey work is needed, because strictly prohibited during the redevelopment of touch, on which depends the survival and strength of the construction of the house: the pillars, walls and beams. Sometimes even an experienced professional can not determine at a glance, the supporting structure or not. At the stage of creating graphic design or redesign project design, it is important to note that in no case be: - touch the ventilation system, owners of those apartments where dismantled ventilation ducts, must restore them in accordance with obschedomovoy ventilation system without bringing the matter to Court - walling the wall struts gas pipes, according to the norms for them should be made available - to carry the kitchen to the living room, since it is connected with the transfer of communications, which is unacceptable - place a bathroom over the living quarters of neighbors or to equip a bathroom in the kitchen in case of joining two apartments - install door frames to floor hallways and stairwells.

Unusual rearrangement of conventional apartments

Today is a space for fantasy in the apartment is only limited by the laws of redevelopment, which require not to encroach on the stability and reliability of the structures of homes and the rights of neighbors. For the creative impulse that framework is not a hindrance, and a person can transform the housing, having created its own tale. The majority of the inhabitants of post-Soviet space of our homeland the word "apartment" has always been associated with a standard housing from one to three rooms. A small hallway with bulky closet, a mezzanine above the corridor, a balcony, decorated in the early 90's paneling, one window in the room shape of apartment handed down from generation to generation: in the kitchen - bath and bunk line of plastic cabinets in the living room - a trio of soft Furniture and "wall" in the bathroom - earthenware hanging sink, narrow tub and washing machine, by which you can only squeeze sideways ... All are painfully familiar and to the same extent bored. Perhaps that is why with the advent of the recent past, the term "interior design" citizens began with the greatest eagerness to adapt their homes. Almost classic Every Muscovite knows now what to do with the recently purchased property: to demolish the wall between the kitchen and living room, close the mangy ceiling plasterboard or metal strips, which are built-in spot lights, combined bathroom with a bath, putting between them a nominal wall of glass blocks, to organize a bedroom along one wall mirrored closet, however, few think about the fact that the above "classic" - just the tip of the iceberg, and interesting and functional changes in the apartment can be much greater.

In the animal world

In recent years, designers mastered the "selfish interest". Covers of various wild animals and reptiles roamed the interior, becoming the upholstery, carpets and rugs. The characteristic texture and pattern in the style of "Wild World" is successfully cloned in artificial substitutes, textiles, and various accessories. Inclined to philosophize aesthetes believe that so modern prosperous townsman subconsciously nostalgic about the times, "BC" when unsettled ancestor was forced to pull into his cold cave hides them dead animals. Then they warmed him and were a symbol of social success. Now the rug of skins, carelessly thrown on the comfortable sofa upholstered with leather crocodile, appeals to the primitive passions. So, every time he sat down on the couch, leather-covered, you make a virtual trip into the past. Furthermore, the presence of these materials are believed to compensate for the lack of modern man thrills a pioneer, living secretly in each of us. But since most of the thirst for extreme local character, the designers indulge her, creating with the help of animal skins ethnic sketches. The house settles exotica, but in measured doses and safe way. As you know, leather upholstery of the furniture used at different times and in different nations, although it has never been directly linked to the prevailing style or fashion trends. Since the Middle Ages chairs, and later covered with leather sofas. But, perhaps, is the twentieth century revealed its potential in all its brilliance.

What is redevelopment?

M. Gadelshin started a repair? Stormy fanta manifold is whispering to you, where you can cut a new window where you put the barrier, which the room together, and what to demolish the wall at all, that all guests understand that you - an extraordinary man and creative? Do not rush any changes in the layout must be agreement to pop. So what should you know about the redevelopment First, we note that redevelopment - is a more general term that includes, including rebuilding. If during redevelopment changes the configuration of the premises, the reorganization is associated with any changes in network engineering, plumbing, electrical and other equipment. And, both should be locked in legal documents. Redevelopment can be done both in Headquarters and in non-residential - office, retail, manufacturing, warehouse - indoors. What can be considered redevelopment? Is any arrangement, which helps make housing an original, convenient and relevant tastes owner. If you decide to remove or demolish the wall, make a new doorway cut through another window, to arrange a home sauna, replace shower - these changes in planning should be coordinated with the housing services of the city. Of course, now you can forget all read, make repairs and live peacefully. But if, for example, then you'll want an apartment to sell or trade, and its layout will not match what is recorded in documents at the apartment, the deal would have to "slow down". And you - to bring home a pristine state or legitimize made alterations.

Paint: multicolor technology, operation

In an extensive range of finishing materials have become increasingly popular decorative Multicolor (mosaic) of paint. They are practically feasible, easy to operate and allow us to obtain a wide color palette. Multicolor coatings represent "the paint in the paint." Capsules of paint of one color "float" within the paint of another color. Due to the special structure of the components of these colors never mix with each other is not, and can be bi-color or multicolored. They are applied most often using a special gun. Under high pressure, which is created inside the spray-gun, capsules of paint sprayed on the wall, creating a chaotic pattern desired texture. Multicolor paints vary in size inclusions. They can be large or smaller. In capsule form it contains gold, silver, pearl blotches, which when applied to the wall begin to sparkle and iridescent sparkle. Multicolor paint attract not only for its decorative effect, but also an extraordinary resistance to all sorts of dirt and moisture. They are not afraid of the claws of pets, no shrinkage at home: scratches, cracks and even more so, they will not appear. In addition to their durability, these materials are fairly simple to maintain. Washed without any problems, you should just avoid detergents containing solvents, alcohol, and alkaline components. It is environmentally friendly, fire resistant material approved for use in both residential and public buildings of different purposes. We represent your attention the most popular collections Multicolor coatings.

House. The walls of the air: glass blocks

Imagine the house in every corner of which, even remote from the window, enters the light of day. You enter the hallway in an apartment or cottage is a spacious hall, and see how the glitter around the living spark of light. It's simple: the walls are decorated home is not in strict standard eurorepair and unusual glass "tiles." This glass blocks, or transparent "bricks" made of glass. During Soviet times, was known for only one, absolutely the same type, the type of glass blocks, which was a rather rude "brick" from the muddy, dirty-gray jagged glass. Of course, use it as a finishing material to anyone not occurred. Now, when a primitive glass blocks have found a large number of shapes and colors, it is increasingly diverse and used in interior decoration. Today we will tell you about this "old but new" building material, reborn. The shape of the glass block does look like a brick, but inside it is hollow. It is the air trapped in it, gives this material excellent heat-saving and sound insulation properties. Surface of such a "brick" can be smooth, ribbed, transparent, opaque, and even color. On sale are the most common glass blocks with a thickness of 7.5 to 10 cm, his weight from 2,5 to 4,3. In form they are square or rectangular. Standard dimensions of contemporary glass blocks - 19 x 19 x 8 cm or 24 x 24 x 8 cm. In addition, they are more triangular, and even round the corner (such are mainly used for finishing the corners, columns, etc.).

Corian: the scope of application

Corian for us - a completely new material. And it's just surprising, given that the company DuPont "(DuPont) invented it in the middle of last century, and today it is literally a mass application, and each of us surely have seen him. Just do not rush to deny: that the first time we see the first time we hear. If you have been to McDonald's, you know, all tops there are made of Corian. If you do not even edali hamburger, you have probably visited a dentist, and therefore, it is likely that flaunts Corian in your mouth - it was out of it make a seal. Application. Corian so rapidly enters our life, if only to enumerate all its scope, get the impressive list. In an apartment or office thereof may literally everything: walls, floor, ceiling, doors, chairs, cabinets, lockers, desks and countertops, all kinds of fittings, light switches, TV cabinet and a computer, lamps, candlesticks, vases. Stairs, columns, fireplaces Corian obtained are great. But more often, of course, from this material do countertops. Very nice, plus a practical and hygienic. Mistresses like another book of Corian sinks. Moreover, the kitchen and bathroom in general can be made entirely of Corian. From what he's done. Corian - is a composite consisting of mineral fillers, color pigments and a binder - acrylic resin. As a mineral filler used aluminum trihydrate - white powder, a component of white clay. The same one used to make high-quality porcelain. Pigments - the so-called food-grade minerals - give the color of clear acrylic resin.

Decor for the walls. New technologies

Although architects and strive to break the walls past the veils to demonstrate "the beauty of" crumbling masonry or concrete in residential interiors difficult for them to roam. What can you do - the bare walls of comfort is not added. Sitting in our innate desire for embellishment of the surrounding space, and even more bare walls, which had always before his eyes. Thank God, and the market that promote: a great paint, paint, incredible wallpaper, wallpaper, wallpapers, textile coatings, various ceramic tiles, tile, stucco, and crazy modern technology, you can use to cover up a material by another. It seems there is nothing new for the walls and come up with is impossible. But in the course went unusual for modern humans, one might even say bizarre ways to wall decor. It is interesting to them to get accustomed. Leather. Genuine leather as a material for finishing living quarters has been known since antiquity. Today she is once again gaining the sympathy of designers and owners of fine interiors. The skin absorbs noise, leaves a pleasant fragrance in the room, leather walls warm to the touch. As a natural material, it is not immediately ignited, is absolutely harmless to health. Generally the skin - one of the few materials that will eventually become only better and more expressive, such as stained wood or worn denim. The walls absorb the particular style of life master. Time, air and exploitation affect the appearance, which is unique to each individual interior.

The new office in an old apartment?

A. Arslanova Today, we often can see how small companies opening offices in areas where until recently housed the ordinary apartment. this is really good variant solutions "housing" for beginners (and not only) business. However, the layout of the dwelling (flats) usually does not correspond to those functions to be performed by an office or retail space, and therefore it needs to change. So, initially flat must be documented translated into the category of non-residential space. With this no problems with the following conditions: The apartment is on the ground the same. And if it is higher, then the displaced are located underneath, are not residential. The apartment has its own entrance, do not assume that its visitors use the public entrance. The apartment is not a place dc the dc residence of its owner or other citizens. The consent of neighbors in the translation quartz ranges in the category of non-residential premises receive is not necessary. However, to comply with their interests (along with fire regulations sanitarnogigienicheskimi, environmental and other requirements of the law), of course, necessary. Otherwise, the owner may well face an administrative or judicial proceedings. Start re-planning with the development of project documentation. At this stage, will have to take into account a number of fairly subtle moments. So, you need to be equipped with a separate entrance and, accordingly, to get permission to change the facade of the building, provide for mandatory availability of fire alarms, emergency exits, forced-air ventilation, etc.

Arch in your home

Arch is an architectural solution visual separation of the premises without the device door. Most often installed in hallways, especially if they consist of several buildings. Arches allow you to get away from the standard solutions used in the model construction. There are several types of arches and ways of their construction depending on the functionality and the materials used. Vaulted ceilings are solid concrete, brick, plaster and wood. Concrete and brick arches erected outside the premises, wooden reliable both outside and inside the premises, and plaster, MDF, particle board and plastic - just indoors. Brick arch arched masonry is most often used in so-called Lutchkoff bridges. This design involves the construction of the wall to the level of future bridge, then proceed to the construction of the arch. Vaulted ceiling appropriate to do with the width of the opening of more than 2 meters masonry arch itself is performed by the formwork. Foundation formwork is cradling, cut along the contour of the arch. For precise setting of the arch at the desired spot, and to facilitate its removal after hardening solution, rack mounted on wedges. For masonry arch is better to use radial brick, whose one end is wider and the other already. In this case, all the joints will have the same thickness. When laying out of the ordinary brick joints will be canted shape. Their thickness, as in the canted jumpers must be no more than 25 mm at the top and at least 5 mm below. Arches satisfied with different radius of curvature or varying the boom lift.

Jade - Imperial stone sauna and bath!

Jade has hitherto been little known in Russia as well as deposits of jade in our country are not prepared, and the procurement of semi-precious stones overseas government did not exercise. Jadeite or jade (jadeite, jade) - jewelry and gemstone predominantly green color of various shades from almost white to dark green, translucent in the plates. In the East believe in the mystical powers of this stone. Products made of jade, which are in close proximity to humans, bring him health and are beneficial to him, believed the Chinese. It is believed that if an accident occurs, jade is broken, saving lives and health of its owner. In China, for many hundreds of years, jade could afford only high-level know. He was considered a forerunner of all precious stones, symbolizing the five major virtues: charity, modesty, courage, justice and wisdom. Chinese and Japanese emperors were of jadeite jewelry, sleeping on a bed of jade and jadeite were fed from the liquid. Than jade stones are better than others for saunas? 1. Jade - the only semi-precious stone set of properties that allow its use for a sauna, 2. The combination of the highest coefficient of strength and tensile strength with minimal low rate of water absorption makes the stone is absolutely safe to use in your sauna, 3. Jade, possessing a very high density and low thermal conductivity at the same time, gives the maximum thermal returns for a long time. It helps as long as the preservation of "light-pair 4. According to scientific developments in the field of gems-(litho) therapy jade, the stone-stabilizer has concentrated positive energy impact on the person: it strengthens the nervous system, balances blood pressure, soften blood vessels, improves blood, enhances male potency, treating kidney disease and urinary tract.

What is the fence you choose?

At a subconscious level, many of us take the fence as a symbol of reliability. However, he not only performs the security functions, but also solves the problem fine, becoming part of landscape design. A homeowner who is seeking harmony and comfort, creates a barrier that fits perfectly with the surrounding nature and does not violate the appearance of the site. Such a fence made of wood is simple and durable construction. It is easily assembled and installed with a minimum of material and labor costs. Poles deep into the ground at 1-1,5 m and poured cement-concrete mixture. Depth of termination depends on soil and terrain. Poles used for the manufacture of shaped tubes 60x80 mm. Poles are connected to each other prozhilinami or purlin made from bar 50x100 mm. Beams attached to the bottom and then nail the board to them, of which, indeed, is the fence. Of bricks compared to a wooden fence, brick more durable and able to stand not less than fifty years. All you need to do: use a good quality bricks and mortar, to perform masonry work on a professional level and maintain fencing under normal conditions. Reduce the life of the brick fence capable of such things as the presence of car exhaust (in the case of proximity to the road), lowland location, as a result he is often in the zone of moisture or fog. Anyway, the brick fence will stand for more than a dozen years. It has the advantage in the fact that it does not require special care - such a barrier does not need to paint, varnish, etc.

Wooden House in favor

Natalia Tyannikova According to recent statistics, more than 40% market share of low-rise residential buildings are buildings constructed out of wood. Also in the top three - construction of laminated veneer lumber. Built the house from a tree, you can not only realize the most daring architectural dreams, but also to create an environmentally comfortable habitat. This home was created by nature, so inside the person feels more secure, healthy and happy. Russia and the other course, Russia - a country with ancient traditions of wooden architecture. But for the holiday season and for the permanent wooden houses are built on almost all continents of the globe. For example, Americans annually buy 500,000 such buildings in Japan, erecting more than 300 000 houses per year, while in Europe - 100 000. In the Scandinavian countries, almost 90% of all houses made of wood. Yeah sure, if only in one Finnish wooden houses built annually 4000 for permanent residence and not less than 5000 homes for a country holiday. Stone and wood - who wins? Application of new technologies revolutionized wood in a modern house building. Now the wooden structures are not simply inferior stone or brick, and in many positions and surpass them. Appearance, ecology, ie the ability of wood to "breathe" (to maintain a constant exchange of air in the room and create a favorable microclimate), relatively high speed of erection of structures - these are the main advantages. Wooden houses can be called a strong and durable, and, moreover, and cost-effective, because for them is not required to build a strong foundation.

Rotating ... apartments

11 floors - 11 apartments - 11 hosts. And they all revolve. Rotated 360 degrees. Although the right, although the left. The only building in the world with revolving flats were put under a key in the middle of December 2004 in the Brazilian city of Curitiba (Curitiba). And some believe that the tower is a revolution in architecture. Had created a wonder of the world for 10 years, the Brazilian construction company Moro Construcoes Civis LTDA. Project leaders - architects Bruno de Franco (Bruno de Franco) and Sergio Silk (Sergio Silka) - say it is "a work of art, a totally new concept of housing." These things called the unique structure of the Suite Vollard (among other things, the names of buildings and a series of etchings by Picasso coincide completely, it's probably no coincidence). Although the tower was opened more than once - this was reported, for example, in 1999 and 2002 - presumably, she was only completed by the end of last year. Sale of apartments began Dec. 16, 2004. It is known that one of the 11 rotating kvartirok area of ??about 300 square meters in an environmentally friendly area Ecoville, 45 minutes from the beach, went for $ 300,000. Miracle flat So, let's round apartment belongs to us. What do we have? Let's start with the fact that all sides we are surrounded by a balcony with windows (PVC frames) from the floor and the ceiling. Glazing (a total of 30 square meters) divided installed every 90 degrees doors into four sectors with different shades of color mirror (double, 3 mm each) of glass: silver, bronze, green and blue.

How do I reverse the kitchen and bathroom?

Today's economic boom and the related construction boom in demand from developers and manufacturers of household plumbing new solutions to maximize the comfort of new and existing housing. One way to bring the flats and individual houses in accordance with modern standards of convenience and quality of life is the redevelopment. However, even the most attractive conversion of housing projects are often rejected because of the inconvenient location of sewer riser. Indeed, the transfer of the reservoir, even in a private house requires a huge investment, but in an apartment is not possible at all. On the other hand, the implementation of capital alterations apartment was difficult because of the tightened requirements of public oversight bodies. This, in turn, led to search for a custom engineered solutions. Fortunately, today there are systems in place to effectively and fairly, without undue cost to evacuate waste water, thus avoiding the complexities inherent in traditional reworking sanitation. In order to figure out how to do it well and you have to do, we offer this material. "Cerye" and "black" wastewater first discuss some terminology. What do we mean by the general concept of "sewage"? In general, a system of wastewater, different degrees of contamination. Specialists share sinks to "black" (faecal) - those that come from toilets and "gray" - from wash basins, sinks, tubs and appliances. It is clear that "black" wastewater contain enough large solid inclusions, including not just "profile" (eg, wipes, diapers, toys, etc.).

House of the Future - "passive house»

Anna Mironova term "passive house" appeared in the Russian vocabulary building just a few years ago. In the passive house energy consumption for heating is minimized by the use of internal heat sources, energy saving technologies and high-performance insulating materials. It should be noted that the concept of a building, do not need a powerful heating system, already found in our country is fertile ground. In fact, the low efficiency of existing buildings and the enormous cost of energy for heating is Russia's source of many economic and social problems. The most obvious reason for that - rates for all types of energy are growing much faster than incomes. In this regard, the task of reducing heating costs is becoming increasingly important for Russian landlords and municipal authorities. On the other hand, the concept of passive houses attracted by the fact that it contains a strong component of environmentally safe. Thanks to the wise use of domestic energy sources and environmentally friendly materials passive house bears no risk of environmental and human health. That is the idea of ??"passive house" developed at the intersection of the growth of environmental consciousness and it is a particular desire to reduce maintenance costs. But as far as it is realizable in the domestic context? Principles and approaches for more than 20 years ago, an American researcher David Orr developed the concept of a building that meets the highest standards of environmental friendliness and energy efficiency.

"Ray of Light" in the suburban realm

Dennis Yashugin So it's desirable for all Russians time of year - summer. And with the warm days come holiday season. For three or four months we have virtually change their place of residence - are going to the cottage, on the Russian "hacienda" where the surrounding wildlife, which are magical summer night, perched on a site where a small and cozy "house in the village." You leave in the evening on the porch, looks round their possessions ... This is an alpine slide, next to the flowers grow on a track laid, stool is ... But something is still missing ... And suddenly the thought occurs to you that make the site more cozy and romantic decorative help Lighting - street lights, night lights and other lighting gadgets main thing - safety and beauty to properly design the lighting tracks, you need to understand the requirements for the lighting system of the site. Firstly, it concerns the safety and convenience. Pavement, for example, should have sufficient brightness to move on it in the dark was easy and pleasant. On the other hand, must be respected by the right balance between coverage of tracks and other objects of the landscape. Psychologically, people feel more comfortable if he moves from darker areas to light and when lit the property line, therefore, necessary to avoid "overexposure." Secondly, this aesthetic considerations. The basis of a properly designed lighting system should be based on compositional solution, and track lighting should be part of the generated ensemble.

Mobile home "turnkey"

Dennis Yashugin Much of the entrepreneurs engaged in low-rise construction. They build houses, facilitated the building of offices, shops, warehouses, sheds, cabins for various purposes, and other objects. Judging by the volume of supply and demand, this kind of business flourished, especially in summer. Cabins: cheap and convenient ... Judge for yourself, the cost of the villa cabins range from 60 to 100 thousand rubles. For this money to the area brought a house and put the size of 2,5 x 6 m, in which to live. It represents a framework of rods, trimmed with sheet material, which is laid between the insulation thickness of 5 cm outside all chiseled clapboard. There are different options huts: large and small, suburban, construction, Mobile, offices, etc. They are all metal (in the form of barrels) and the metal frame trimmed with leaf or wood material. The main advantage of lightweight buildings - is its transportability. In the event of a change of place of work or house plot can be loaded and transported. Width should be up to 3 m, according to the rules of the road. Now a small mobile homes are popular abroad. The local models differ from our products because of their need to work as a designer's idea. On a set of amenities they meet the usual city apartment. There is a toilet, shower, hot and cold running water, electricity. Wherever house, the tenant will not experience discomfort. Mobile buildings have become popular due to increased mobility. Changing working and living conditions.

Town houses, whether they take root in Russia

Anastasia Skovorodnikov In recent years the sector of low-rise construction in Russia are formed in a separate section of the primary market with its opportunistic characteristics. Low-rise residential projects vary in price sales, the level of comfort and service, but they have much in common. In large cities, most in demand in the section of townhouses of 100 - 150 square meters. m (excluding the garage and technical facilities). Low-rise complexes usually form a loop. The inner courtyard is a green island, together all the fantasy landscape designers, or a playground with developing missiles. In the southern regions of the patio can accommodate a fairly large pool with children's compartment and the general area for sun loungers. Town houses are almost always constitute the settlement, which includes infrastructure, performed in the same architectural style, it may only be necessary shops and cafes, and can be a complex from the fitness centers to kindergarten and Autotechcenter. Can you talk about that individual housing as an alternative to an apartment in a building? To date include two categories of low-rise building: the organized and individual. The first exercise investment and construction companies for sale of constructed houses on the market. Second - on an individual order from the owner of the land. Differences on the applicable construction technologies and approaches to architectural and planning decisions are very important. Organized settlements are being built, as a rule, with all building codes (including - for the heat loss).

Temperamental interior

But what are we as blind kittens! Back in the V century BC man's character clearly delineated. The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates noted the basis that the differences between people are explained by the predominance of one of the four body fluids: blood (sangvis), yellow bile (lobby), black bile (melayna hall), lymph (phlegm). From the Latin names of these fluids and received his designation of types of temperament (psycho), actual to date are: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic. Experts advise: In order to better assess themselves and their capabilities, you need to know what type of temperament you are. Please note: people often combine features of all psycho, one of which, at this stage of life is stronger, the other - weaker. To understand how temperament prevails in you, you can go to a psychologist. However - it's "fun" among the cheap does not apply. You can also buy some thematic book or pass a special test on the internet (testing Eysenck - one of the most accurate and well-known). Done with the psycho? Welcome to the world of the temperamental design! Interior for the phlegmatic phlegmatic calm and unruffled, his confidence is based on knowledge and calculation. Spoke mainly on the case before acting, to weigh the pros and cons, to consider possible interference and ways to overcome them. Phlegmatic balanced, it is difficult to offend or ruffle, his speech is calm and unemotional. Such a person is difficult to outright adapt to the new situation and, if necessary - all housing should be quiet and calm.

Grass grid

Now, when the city more buildings and cars, especially important to increase the number of green areas - parks, gardens, lawns. Trees, shrubs, flowers, clean the air and walk on the fresh green grass, much nicer than the dusty pavement. Device lawns - a simple affair, does not take much time and effort, but the preservation of their integrity and attractiveness - not an easy task. Over time, the land washed away by rain, passers-treads, and the machines often negate the work of people, develop yard and park areas. The issue of strengthening the soil is especially important for the sandy and sandy areas, as well as slopes, formed by natural or artificial changes in the landscape. In the past, this problem solved a huge effort, but now there were more simple and affordable way. In the localities to strengthen the soil has become increasingly popular special lawn lattice made of durable plastic. Designed for use on footpaths, access roads, lawns, they give the turf of the resistance to mechanical stress, prevent leaching and weathering of the earth, protect the root system of plants. Lawn lattice consists of modules connected together, each of which has a cellular structure. It effectively lets water into the ground, do not prevent the growth of grass, and thus allows the lawn to withstand a distributed load of up to 200 tons per square meter. Easy to transport, easy and fast assembly, good protection from soil erosion permit wide use of lawn lattice. Similar articles made of plastic are used to create environmentally friendly parking - parking on lawns, campgrounds, temporary sports facilities, as well as on the land for fairs, festivals, outdoor concerts.

Chimneys

Chimney - only visible from the outside of the complex mechanism of abstraction of smoke and gas. Any heating appliance that runs on a dry, liquid or gaseous fuels, must be equipped with smoke and gases. Experts call such a system piping gas removal. Principle of operation The main fuels for heating are natural gas, liquid fuels (diesel, oil) and solid fuels - wood and coal. During the combustion of fuel consumes oxygen from the ambient air. The products of combustion of any fuel - ash and gaseous combustion products. Buoyancy in the chimney is the result of the difference between the ambient air temperature and emitted during the combustion gases. Combustion products which have higher than ambient () medium temperature tend upwards, resulting in there and pull. Most of the chimney should be located inside the building to the combustion products that are displayed outside, is not cooled down prematurely. Soot, which is quite combustible material in conjunction with condensing on the inner walls of the chimney remains burning. Therefore it is necessary to avoid large deposits of soot on the walls of pipes. Construction of Chimney Safety and aesthetics are not able to display a stack of each radiator. Therefore, as a rule, a certain portion of the building will be a chimney, to which are connected from the chimneys of several furnaces. If the building is small, then, as a rule, a stack is enough. Naturally, the diameter of the chimney must match the expected volume of output gases.

How to paint the ceiling?

How to paint the ceiling? What a question? Take and paint. All they can. All true. Nothing difficult. And then we can find some basic, common shortcomings. First of all, there's some spots. Immediately after painting everything looks fine, but when dry spots appear on the ceiling. Further work roller only worsens the result, the surface is increasingly becoming diverse. Stains on the ceiling, which seemed just a shade different from the lighting, really stand out are strongly stained. Let us consider the nature of these spots. Stains on the ceiling's not from a bad mix paints of different colors. We paint the same color (usually white) and one bucket. And the cushion is the same. And the spots appear. If you look at these spots more closely, we see different texture to the same surface of our ceiling. Layers of paint have different texture and thickness, which we think immediately picks up. Places homogeneous textures look the same and not conspicuous. Not ascertained the cause of this phenomenon, some again repaint the ceiling, further prolonging the difference in the texture and colors, respectively. So why did appear ill-fated spot? Yes, from inability and violations of painting technology. Prior to the painting will prepare necessary. Material - paint. Domestic or imported it - almost no difference (just not an obvious fake). Instrument - cushion. Affects the quality of painting the ceiling has a greater extent. Of the variety of rolls the best results are achieved when working with a long nap roller (filaments).

What is the shared construction?

A. Gabbasov Shares in housing construction is widespread in our country. Construction and investment companies raise funds equity holders (investors), and these funds are building a house, then this house become the property interest holders. It is very convenient, because the buyers have the ability to pay for an apartment in installments until completion. In addition, the constantly rising price of real estate is an excellent way to invest free cash flow, because after the completion of the apartment house in it rise in price substantially. It seemed to be simple, clear and mutually beneficial. Today, however, the media shared construction often sanctified in a negative way, due to the fact that thousands of real estate investors were cheated by unscrupulous developers, without receiving their housing. To protect the participatory construction of unscrupulous contractors, the Federal Law № 214-FZ "On Participation in the shared construction of apartment buildings and other real estate" on 30.12.2004. This Act introduced more stringent requirements with respect to the developers, in connection with which most of them are perceived negatively law. Currently, the law is the basic legal act regulating relations in the field of participatory construction. If you intend to purchase a house in a new building through participatory construction, you might want to read the guidelines that can help avoid problems with unscrupulous developers. Conclude a contract of shared construction So, what to consider when entering into a contract of shared construction: First, choose a builder and object construction.

House with an attic

Alexey Tyurin on the tile, where a cat stalks a sparrow, looking out the window, I notice the Attic. To pretend it Privetnoye, I could lie and given me ivy, peas invisible for you to clean her windows. Lev Gumilev (translation), not by chance that this object is reflected in writers and poets. In general, mezzanine or attic - a Russian attic or as lovingly says Dahl - Gorenka, Teremok. Attic was invented in France by architect Jules Mansart Gardueenom at the turn of XVI-XVII centuries, which is a stone box "planted" a fragile, beautiful house. As you know, all the French bears the plaque of romanticism and finesse. Remember in the old movies of them live under the roof of the house, in the attic, where there is always room look much different from a typical apartment. Unusual tilt walls, large (or not), arched windows, sub-standard accommodation furniture create an extraordinary living space, which affects the mind and human activities. Most often settles a private space in the attic of the creative personality, where the usual four walls impose a state of deep depression. Well, judge for yourself, saying: "I live in a house with an attic (or attic), looks much more significant than saying that you live in a house with a loft. Of particular relevance construction lofts purchased in the postwar 40 years of XX century, when most buildings were demolished and housing (as, indeed, even today) were in short supply. Today, the presence of the attic not only a question of prestige and beauty of the house, but the real way to increase square footage at home, and significantly.

Fresco: time has no power

Galina Timofeeva Sheveleva-Since his primitive man seeks to beautify your home. Due to it was primarily his warming (for example, the walls hung the skins of animals), and the second, but did not unimportant - our ancestors wanted to splash out emotions through drawing life events, to capture them on stone, leather, fabric later. Later designs were the subject of aesthetics. Hunting scenes, everyday scenes were motifs of rock art. Over time, a primitive charcoal drawing turned into a beautiful piece of art - a mural. The name comes from the Italian expression «al fresco» - «drawing on fresh." Finish murals used in ancient Greece and Rome, Byzantium. Old Russian artists (Rublev, Dionysius) in X-XII centuries. used the technique of painting murals for churches. A special embodiment of the rich and flourishing mural was during the Renaissance (XIV-XVI centuries).. Beautiful, precious "wall plaster" created Raphael, Michelangelo. Paintings made on wet plaster, were surprisingly realistic. Sometimes a visitor and had no idea that does not look out the window, and the picture. Like any phenomenon, the fresco has survived heyday, decline and rebirth. Oddly, the impetus for interest in the murals have given the political developments in Mexico. Artists muralisty (muros - from the Latin wall) protested and called for bright, vivid pictures of the cubic and modernist trends. Currently, interior design murals - a way accessible, ie embodiment of your idea is possible, and only a few days, but once a reservation, my dear.

Paving and grounds in the garden

Paths connect the different areas on the site and at the same time separate them from each other. Sites are distinguished by their functional purpose. There are playgrounds for recreation - they are usually located in quiet places and are equipped with garden benches. About these sites put the most decorative items - flower beds, a group of ornamental shrubs, pergolas and trellis, Alpine hills, ponds, etc. Picnic grounds - the site is large enough (depending on the estimated number of guests), which are used for picnics in the open air and equipped with a stationary or portable outdoor furniture. When the device of these areas should take into account the need for partial shade (usually the south side) to create more comfortable conditions during hot sunny weather. They have also drawn the most ornamental garden elements. Sports grounds - grounds for the appointment of highly specialized training in various sports. Shape, size, layout and cover the site depends on its specialization. When placing the playground should take into account the need for its orientation to the north-south for a more comfortable environment for the players. Playgrounds - playground for children to play outdoors. They are located in full sun and are equipped with special equipment (swings, wall bars, sandbox, etc.) When landscaping playgrounds can not use plants with poisonous flowers, fruits or leaves, with spikes and prickles. Household platforms - platforms that are intended for temporary storage of materials and equipment for chores and other activities.

On the pavement

All we want to see things around us were comfortable, functional and also have an aesthetic appearance. Especially nice when outdoors also have the opportunity to feel as comfortable as possible. Neat streets clean and tidy, create a good mood, soothe and distract from the issues. Sensation does not leave fairy tales, like you get in the past - under the soles of shoes even, smooth surface, no mud, no puddles, no pits or potholes. Paving stone has been known since ancient times. Originally it was used in its raw form, later became the shape of a cube or parallelepiped. The dictionary gives the following definition: cobbles - road-building material in the form of bars (length 15-30 cm, width 12-15 cm, height 10-15 cm) of solid rock (diabase, basalt, granite, etc.). This material is actively used in Japan, Finland and Canada, which indicates its suitability for the harsh climatic conditions. Cobbles covers there marketplaces, sidewalks, pedestrian streets, and often the roads. This is a simple explanation. In developed countries, people are more kind to their health. It is known that the widely used asphalt in hot weather or severe moisture produces hazardous to the body bitumen fumes. Paving is made from completely inert materials - crushed stone, sand and cement. Pigment composition is used only in the surface layer of the product, so the plasticizer and colorants are added to the solution neutral. Under the natural climatic heating it softens, preserves the mechanical properties and does not emit, unlike asphalt volatile harmful substances, not interfering with the natural gas and water exchange necessary for the surrounding flora that contributes to the preservation of ecology of the city and have a positive impact on peoples' health.

The sun for a home

Alexey Tyurin fee for the use of energy has been steadily increasing, which causes resentment of the population, because as soon as all expensive. Theme of ecology and reduce the costs of energy is discussed for decades, but the application is still in the single variants, relative to the entire globe. And what a shame, often abroad. In Germany, several years conducted the program "A hundred thousand solar roofs." The United States operates a larger scale, there, over the decades has successfully promoted a similar program "Million Solar Roofs". In the U.S., the program began in the twentieth century in the 70's. Over 15 years investment in the sector totaled $ 38 billion now, after 32 years of providing solar energy is more than 4 mln.GDzh. It is used to provide hot water, heating, air heating, drying of agricultural products. In Portugal there is the biggest solar plant in the world (the region Alentejo, southern Portugal), which connects 350 000 photovoltaic panels capable of producing 62 MW. Start of production of electricity is planned for this year, and in full force and effect of central will earn in 2010. This region is economically poor and sparsely populated, but rich in innovation. The Spanish company ACCION began working for the construction of centralized power in the annual production capacity of 88 gigawatts-hours. Investments amounted to 250 million euros. In addition, there has begun building a plant for the production of solar photovoltaic panels.

Protect against electric arc can be!

In recent years, Russia has seen a significant increase in energy production and consumption. If in 2002 was generated 895 billion kWh by 2010, experts predict will be produced to 995 billion kWh of electricity: more nearly 100 billion kilowatt-hours Maintenance of electrical appliances, facilities and equipment available in abundance in any enterprise engaged in electrical engineering staff. Today in Russia there is a steady need for specialists of this profile. At the same time all the more acute becomes the problem of ensuring appropriate protection of this category of employees. According to the Model industry standards free issue of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment to employees of organizations of the Electricity Industry "(Resolution № 54 of 04.26.2004, the Ministry of Labour of Russia), are cross-cutting and spreading its effects on all industries, the electrical staff enterprises include: electricians for maintenance of electrical power; electricians repair and maintenance of electrical equipment, electricians operative visiting teams, electricians to repair overhead power lines, electricians, operating distribution networks, electricians repair and installation of cable lines; electrician to repair the equipment of distribution devices; electricians main control room stations; electricians-lineyschiki installation of high voltage overhead lines and contact network. For any member of the above professions to wear suits to protect against electric arc thermal factors and the use of appropriate personal protective equipment is mandatory.

Dutch Aquarium

Evelyn Odintsov Aquarium art in Russia is experiencing a rebirth. This was the hobby and the presence in the interior of the spectacular enhancement, and in earnest - an independent world. Guppies and mahseer, of course, have not disappeared, but now it's rock-rarities. Their place was taken by marine fish, which turned out to be possible to keep at home the Russian context. Designers actively use aquariums for decoration living rooms and bedrooms, and only aquarium in the office - a symbol of respectability and success. But why do we think that if there is an aquarium, it is necessary for the fish? Not at all, the Dutch decided and approved a new kind of aquarium aesthetics and biodesign general - Dutch aquarium. The basis of it - the plants. And who but the Dutch know all about plants? Dutch Aquarium - a sort of mini-water garden, water bed, which, combined in a composition, plants highlight the beauty of each other. Fancy vivid seascapes and spectacular look into modern interiors. Fish here is, perhaps, as possible additions to a minimum. The volume of Dutch aquarium for beginners, on the advice of experts should not exceed 1 m3. This is optimal for the room space. "Social" aquarium can reach about 8000 m3. Dutch Aquarium is always a length greater than height. Care of Dutch aquarium should be serious, and it consists of several components. The correct choice of primer. Basis pebble basalt or granite rocks or river sand. Before we get ground into the container, it must be thoroughly rinsed.

How to paint the facade

The facade is designed to not only serve as a "person" at home, but and provide protection from the weather. Very often the facade bears the traces of weathering (variable temperature, variable and high humidity, ultraviolet radiation, wind), biological agents (molds, fungi), industrial and environmental pollution of the environment. peeling or discolored, spotty or even no decorated facades - a rather sad phenomenon. That is why the color of the facade is for many people, the real problem. How to paint the facade so that it looks nice and does not collapse over time? First step - select the type of paint. All paint materials for facades, are protective and decorative coatings, ie they must not only decorate the building but also reduce the level of destroying its environmental influence. Characteristics of the selected paint materials shall conform to the conditions which will be operated cover. For the front works best option is a water-dispersion acrylic materials. Water-dispersion materials are produced mainly based on three types of variances: - polyvinyl acetate (PVA) - butadiene (BS) - acrylic (AA). All three have their advantages and disadvantages. Thus, the dispersion of PVA adhesives are indispensable in the tree, but the paints based on them are obtained nevodostoykie and therefore have a very low scope, despite the fact that they are inexpensive. True, there are various waterproof PVA copolymers, but also in paints they are inferior to acrylic dispersions.

Reinforcement materials in construction

During the construction or renovation of buildings used many different materials. But in order to repair to produce results for a long time, it is necessary to use quality materials and closely observe their use of technology. For example, the use of reinforcing materials in most cases, to avoid cracking and thereby extend the life of the premises until the next repair. Reinforcement materials - it is an internal "skeleton" of the plaster, or COAT, which due to its mechanical properties to prevent the appearance of cracks on the surface due to changes in temperature and humidity, mechanical stress, non-preparation technology of building trains, etc. Such cracks can be local or global. Local cracks in the joints of ceiling tiles (rusty) in places of contiguity door or window frames to the walls and in places the walls to the junction of ceiling tiles. Global occur randomly across the surface of the walls or ceiling. To protect the surface of these cracks are different materials: - Reinforcement tape (serpyanka, bandage construction) - Reinforcement Glass (painting, plastering, facade). Reinforcement tape to protect the surface from local cracks and depending on the operating conditions used in three types: serpyanka, redinka and self-adhesive serpyanka. Serpyanka - tape thermobonded cloth (dacron 50 g / m?), absorbs moisture. Mainly used to protect interpanel joints, drywall joints and places of contiguity of the walls to the ceiling. There are two application techniques: 1.

Fruitful influence of the West

Yegor Barhotov flight of fancy people is limitless. Especially because there are so often you can hear a fashionable word creativity (from the English create - create), and all try to life as to be distinguished idea and imperishable masterpiece. I want to add that without the creative exploration and practice, not always successful, creativity is impossible. With the huge amount of building materials, paints and chips for decoration design options are spaces, varied enough to say, they are simply unlimited in the choice of options. Moreover, using some material not only for its intended you to find unusual exclusive solution. That's today's story about it. It is very necessary, because based on the principle "Economy should be economical" (the slogan of the 80's and now - is relevant). The idea Vyacheslav Romanov Applied designer. If the brain it captured the creative process - not sleeping and not eating. That's today's early morning, sitting in his seat, his eyes red, but joyful. By his own irresistible desire to work in the night. And now Olga Smirnova waiting, designer of the room. You see, she came up the canyon to make a niche in the free spaces of huge stones, under the harsh air of the Wild West. Meet, laugh, and the aim is not simple. Behold the glory of such a thing came up. Looked at the rest of the board ceiling gypsum fiber pieces and stirred the thought and wish was discarded. And do not do Are they ...? Yes, yes the canyon walls. The technology is only at first glance seems simple, but to perform its required sufficient skill, patience and time.

Natural slate - fashion for bohemians

Natural slate - perhaps the most fashionable and paradoxical finishing material of today. For the first time in history finishing (not precious) stone has become so obvious symbol of prestige and belonging to the higher strata of society. Bohemian audiences around the world covered the shale fever. Most fashion designers scour the boutiques of finishing materials in search of the rarest types of stones, original colors, unusual textures. Between the best houses in Europe are shale event - celestials proudly posing for magazines in the glamorous backdrop of slate walls and floors of their apartments. What happens? Caprice of fashion? Another quirk of millionaires? In fact, to understand this question is not so simple. On the one hand, it's certainly - fashion. True, its mass can only speak with great reserve. Is there a mod on the car «Bentley» or watch «Cartier»? If the answer is yes, then we can say that on the slate is fashion - fashion for very wealthy people! Because the cost of 1 m slate starts from 80 €. On the other hand, the shale - it is very different in appearance and properties of the stone. Rather, we can speak of a group of decorative stones, united under a common name - Slate. For example, hardness. In oil shale, it ranges from 2 to 6 points on the Mohs scale. This corresponds approximately to the hardness of gypsum (2) and orthoclase (6). The coefficient of water absorption is a big spread - from 0,01 to 3%. Combines are all kinds of slate one - solid laminated (slate), the structure of this material, which creates a unique, expressive texture of the surface, to conquer the world.

Settles at home ... minimalism!

If you have already strengthened the desire to unload your house or apartment, make it such a bright endless space, where there is only what you need and do not roll in the corners of the endless details, long since become obsolete, but stored on a habit, it can be You really should radically change the interior. And arrange your home in a minimalist style. Unlike all other minimalist contains only those things that are of vital necessity. Minimalism came to us from Japan, where, as we know, pay attention to every detail. Interior architecture in this style, no pressure on the person, does not impose any values, but rather, supports and enables breathe life freely. The first and one of the main tenets of minimalism is clean and quiet emptiness, where every detail plays a role. According to this style of all the things that are external attributes of our lives, should not be displayed, so it is removed from the prominent place. Not a single room no extra non at the moment things, each of them knows their place and not get tired of the constant presence of the owner. In the minimalist house you'll never see stripped wallpaper or cracked ceiling - all surfaces are perfect, smooth. All surfaces: floor, walls and ceiling - are bright delicate colors. The color is rarely a bright white, the aggressive - this place only harmonious shades of white. In every room should be as much air and light, nothing should be a chaotic mass. Furniture is spread so as not to throw no eyes, do not clutter up a space.

Clearing of the site

The development of the site should begin with a definition of its borders, the clearing of remaining on it trees, shrubs, stumps. Trees cut down unnecessary preferably before construction works. For felling a tree with a trunk as thick as butt more than 30 cm should be invited to loggers. However, you should know that in order to topple a tree in the right direction, you should first pull up or podpilit his part, which it must fall, and then - on the opposite side pull up or sawed. There are several ways to pull up trees: normal (or straight); mustache, minimal, the scythe, two parallel rows. The most simple and secure direct pull up, pull up the depth at which is equal to a quarter of the diameter of the tree in place of pull up and pull up the distance between the planes is equal to the diameter of 0,6-0,8. Doing pull up, cut down a tree. The plane of sawing should generally be perpendicular to the axis of the tree and at a height of the upper edge pull up. We strongly inclined trees make so-called whisker pull up from the slope of the tree, pull up at the same depth must be equal to one third the diameter and the distance between the planes of 0.8-diameter trunk. If the area of ??land or structure does not allow the tree to fall down completely, he chopped in pieces. To do this, climb up a tree, tied at 3-5 m above the planned place of division races and perform rope pull up and trimming, while at the bottom of the tree. Pull up and did not finish trimming, you need to get off the wood pile and cut away part of his rope.

Drainage of the foundation

The purpose of installing the drainage system around the perimeter of the building - not to let water pass under the foundation of the house. Water is tempting and literally tears the ground, on which rests the structure, which often is the cause of the destruction of the base and walls of the house. Quite frequently a consequence of cyclic movement of soil under the foundation of the building is skewed and jammed doors and windows. In addition, under the house seeping moisture can cause mold and mildew in the construction of walls and ceilings, and such an environment - fertile ground for the emergence rot. System design to ensure the effective catchment area, sometimes quite soundly equip blind area. However, much more capital construction, designed for continuous operation at home arrangement includes an improved system of drainage and surface water. The basis of an effective drainage system - packed into a trench around the perimeter of the foundation of perforated pipes. Through the holes in their water seeping into the ground, penetrates inside the pipe, and then diverted into special containers. They facilitate the waterproofing of the foundation. Above the perforated have a whole (without holes) pipe designed for the waste surface water cascading off roofs or paved surfaces (patios, sidewalks, etc.) ask: "Why not equip a single collector for discharge of groundwater and surface water?". The answer is simple - it can lead to clogged highways, and as a result - a violation of the drainage, with all the unpleasant consequences.

Glass walls - it is fashionable

Our apartments are becoming more beautiful and spacious. We disclaim enclosed spaces, creating a private area, and at the same time afraid of losing the usual comfort and intimacy. Huge windows, stained glass, glass walls - all the inherent features of a modern interior. It is fashionable, actually, finally, this is natural, which brings light, air and light. Finding for the designer Glass has been actively used as a full-fledged building material. They possess high strength, excellent thermal and acoustic insulation, do not burn, do not fear water, perfectly reflect light, durable and require no special care. But no one in the head and could not come to decorate their home! Today, glass blocks are experiencing a second birth, taking the best from the "parents" - green industrial glass bricks, which are used for wall decoration factory shops, boiler rooms, public baths, and stairs. Appearing in our market recently, imported glass blocks in record time fascinated many. This is already a born-again "building blocks" has become popular in the decoration of residential interiors, is actively used in the architectural design decision of living space. Therefore, in the vast areas increasingly appear high, low, straight and round walls of the interior decorative glass blocks, clear ceilings and arches, pergolas, exterior walls of houses ... organically blend into a modern interior, they form a space, emphasizing his individuality, creating a special mood. They are always spacious, light, warm, reliable, and most importantly - exquisitely.

Grounding

There is a growing elektrovooruzhennost villager. Pumps, circular saws, compressor sprayers, power tools and other equipment works normally on the four-network 380/220 V. Operation of it outdoors, especially in wet, rainy weather is not safe, requires special conditions and regulations. Observed occasionally dismissive attitude toward the voltage of 220 V - is totally unacceptable. The fact that the magnitude of danger to human life of the current (0,1 A 1) is determined to a considerable degree of resistance to human body contact with the ground. It decreases sharply with increasing humidity. The same effect has and alcohol. Even at 12 V inclement weather and in contact with a large mass of metal can cause death. Thus, in the electrical industry magazine described fatal injuries from contact with the wire with a voltage 10 V! The garden was installed sound burglar alarms, in compliance with all rules of electric safety. On the phenomenon to the wire the higher the voltage was eliminated completely (highly qualified expert committee) and, nevertheless, in wet weather lady garden was killed by touching the wires. There are many cases of fatal injuries in violation of existing simple rules of operation of electrical equipment. The main condition that ensures the safety of people at the right, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, maintenance Electrofacilities - reliable and high quality housing of the electric connection with the neutral wire and earth (ground), as well as the installation of two circuit breakers at the entry to the house (in phase and zero).

Material of the 21 st century

The first appearance of man-made materials have been motivated by the desire to simplify and cheapen the production of objects that surround people. Artificial polymers invented in the late XIX century, which resulted in a grand scientific revolution, which echoes can be heard now. In 1862, the Grand International Exhibition in London scientist Alexander Parkes first introduced in the history of this stuff. Its discovery created a furor. Then the polymer is modified under high temperature rubber. When heated, it gave any shape, and cooling it saves it. Because of these properties in combination with the low cost polymeric materials have gained tremendous popularity. Reasons for the appearance since the first plastic made stepped far forward. Various kinds of modifications and foams have become part of our lives as diverse elements: the components of building materials, furniture, household items, machinery parts and many other things. Due to its aam polymeric materials occupy a significant niche in the market. Every year they have improved and changed to best meet the modern requirements in design and construction. Recently in our country, the popularity of the composites increased tenfold. Earlier this year the exhibition Mosbuild-2005 introduced a new material called lightbeam (composite decorative construction material, which was originally created to replace the wooden beams). His appearance on the market is justified: in conditions of increasing scarcity and high cost of wood composite materials are becoming more relevant to architects and designers working in different directions.

Score under construction

Today one of the most important indicators of investment in fixed assets, housing and other programs is the state of the market construction in progress. Investment potential of this market is huge. Construction in progress can be viewed as a failed investment projects, where specific investors are prone to high-risk conditions, unfavorable investment climate could not achieve their goals. To return at least part of the invested funds, many of them are ready to abandon the ongoing projects and to realize the objects of unfinished construction on the open market more adventurous owners. Practice shows that the evaluation of assets under construction at a cost of cost does not reflect the interests of the participants of the market. Therefore, the market construction in progress here has long been in stagnation, and unfinished construction projects can not find an efficient owner. In a rapidly changing market conditions, evaluation of assets under construction - the problem is very urgent and complex, requiring appraisers from the expertise and experience. Evaluation of assets under construction is made for the following purposes: 1. Staging facility under construction on the balance of the organization. 2. Definition of fair market value of the property under construction, which reflects the construction and the market price situation. 3. Decision on further use of the object under construction. Answer to question the continued functioning of an object depends on its degree of maturity and the possibility of changing its operational mission.

Designer of flowers

Features biodesign much wider than they represent. For example, Olga genuinely surprised that people avoid plants decorate bathrooms and bedrooms of the apartment. In her opinion, even such a popular feng shui can not ban put a flower where you want, if it's beautiful. And in the bathroom colors look extraordinarily attractive. Several square meters in the house, where we wash and wash, can become the object of the definition of "bathroom" in a flourishing lawn. And not just want to drop by here on his way to work and spend the hour - the other in a relaxing, trying on the passing civilization close to nature environment. However, as cautioned Olga, to appear in the tale is not so simple. Already at the stage of selection of plants in the store, you need to look very carefully to shopping. The designer recommends not to choose flowers with yellow leaves, because they will soon die. In addition, not buy and bright pots, which are so often sold. In her view, they hardly help to appreciate the beauty of plants, interrupting its natural attractiveness of its "acid" color. Speaking about the division of the apartment to "zone" Olga said: that each room must meet its own style. For example, in the kitchen, artobekty of flowers and plants will look great if they used such dishes as Krynki or even teapots. These items are now actively applying Western designers. But in the children's bedroom, it is important to pay attention more and the choice of plants.

Assessment of land (plots)

As a general rule, when it comes to land valuation, determine a market value of the property rights to land, or lease agreements. How is the assessment of land? In assessing the land is primarily based on its location, the influence of external factors and market conditions. In addition, taking into account the expected value, duration and probability of making a profit from the exploitation of the land with the most efficient use, excluding income from other types of production involved more land for business activities. The market value of the site changes over time, so the valuation of land held by a specific date. When you change the target destination site (permitted uses) its market value also changes. Land valuation is carried out based on the principle of the most efficient use of land. This means that the market value of land is determined on the basis of such use of the site, which is most likely physically possible, reasonably justified, the relevant requirements of current legislation and financially feasible, resulting in a maximum expected value of the cost of land. In this case, perhaps a reasonable division of land into separate parts, different shapes, appearance and character of use. The most efficient use of land may not coincide with its current use. In determining the most efficient use of land should be taken into account: its purpose and permitted use, the predominant mode of land use in the immediate vicinity of the assessed land, expected changes in the market of land, existing land use.