Vitaly Lviv Stone of kings and gods, is a marble. Many ancient monuments, constructed from this particular stone. Hallways of palaces and cathedrals adorned marble. Marble adorns the homes of the rich people, marble baths are considered a sign of wealth. The most popular place for a marble in a modern house, located just in the bathroom. New technologies make it possible to make a shell from a single piece of marble, is a simple way to decorate your bathroom, and you will no doubt call the guests undisguised envy. If your goal is to create a luxurious bath, you will not lose with a choice of marble sinks. Marble tile on the floor, it is no longer a luxury. In order to select the right marble, it is necessary to contact the experts, because marble has different properties and types. Marble is very strong stuff. Old buildings that have survived until our times, often contain marble decorations. Decorative marble, and is now considered trendy and fashionable. Marble veneer floor and walls. In ancient times, were decorated with marble foyers and hallways. Marble, also can perfectly watch in normal rooms. Marble tiles, mosaic flooring can be laid out. Stairs made of marble, are also considered a sign of wealth and aristocracy. The marble columns are more suitable for larger rooms, they give the building a special atmosphere. For centuries, marble has been a top choice of sculptors, as it is soft and durable. Because of these properties, a marble can produce various statues and vases.
Friday, September 30, 2011
Pit
Vadim Kovalev Today we continue to talk about what issues to overcome before the start of construction of the house, using a published data, these all-knowing Internet, and even their own experiences. One such problem is the construction of the well. If your garden plots no running water, then the question of water supply in any other way than building a well you can not be resolved. And the water you need, both for drinking and cooking, and for the construction of suburban homes, and eventually to water plants. Why is this problem must be solved before construction even started, and even better - at the stage of planning the site? And here's why. Well, usually built far from anywhere that is not where you'd like and it would be more convenient for you, and where groundwater comes to the surface more closely. And the closer they are, the less you effort and funds to build a well. And not everyone is an expert on their construction (if it is indeed the "Specialist") will agree to your request to dig a well in the place that you have planned for him. That's what about this recall from the not very rich personal experience. Specialist, who came to the area for a long time on it went, carefully considering the one he led the signs and symptoms of nearly bedding water, then pulled out of the bag two pieces of steel wire bent into L-shaped "(these were the so-called bioramki), took them in hands and once again walked slowly the entire site. (Frankly, this method of finding water for the first time I had seen, though before many times in the literature came across mention of the use of the search for water vine.
Inflatable pool or team?
Vitaly Lviv Owning your own swimming pool - the dream of millions of people. Someone has this dream come true by starting a complex process of building a permanent, concrete-tiled pool. Well - it's pretty good. If there is a lot of money. And if there is time and opportunity to care for such a pool. And also if you have lots of extra space on the site ... Much easier, cheaper and more convenient to buy (rather than build) a small, but nevertheless, comfortable for swimming pool roaming. That is, one that can from time to time to clean up, freeing up space on the site and preserving the pool from the elements. These pools are available now in very large quantities and in various ways. In general, they are all comfortable. They can afford to buy a person with normal, the average income. But how to understand the species diversity of pools? How to choose the one that best suits? Let's start with the fact that swimming pools can be divided into small-sized (a bit more large bath) and full-size (these can safely swim and swim every adult). If at the cottage a little space if you need to water treatment by themselves, but you can still swim in the river are going to - buy a small pool. In the hot summer you will always have an opportunity to refresh. If you decide to treat yourself, friends and children from swimming in their own pool - get full-sized family pool. And really, why somewhere a long time to gather, ride, walk when you can walk down the porch and immediately plunge into the cushy vodichku own pond?
Thursday, September 29, 2011
What we know about the plastic windows
Windows give the comfort of home, easy work of caring for the windows to provide protection in terms of penetration of the outer housing. Any landlord importance of choice of windows, so a modern approach to this is to ensure not only a practical value, but also match prices to quality. For the plastic window you will not feel street dust and noise. They are easily installed and assembled by professionals. True, the more hardware is used in their manufacture, the higher their value, but at the same time, supplies to make them more comfortable - pivoting, hinged, swing-out, blank (the most expensive option, since it uses the minimum number of fittings). The material used to produce plastic windows - polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - is one of the earliest artificial materials. For the first time it was created by a chemist Regnaldom in 1835. Since 1912, began the search for possibilities of industrial production of PVC, and in 1931, BASF's been released the first tons of this material. In the early 50-ies started first in the U.S., and then in Europe, the march of PVC as a material for window frames. One of the first German patent for window frames of PVC is dated 1952. The first frame of polyvinyl chloride is a metal base, lined with soft or semi-soft PVC. Somewhat later began production profiles of solid polyvinyl chloride, which partially amplified by wooden or metal inserts. In 1959, the first apartments were equipped with windows made of solid, modified for the toughness of PVC.
Designed in a marine style, or equips a bath
Vitaly Lviv modern bathroom has become increasingly similar to residential premises. Progress on the face: to replace the sterile hospital aesthetics come to the interesting and original solutions. Bathroom is no longer just a place to merely bathing and laundry functions, and a place for a pleasant and useful pastime. Bathroom design depends on the mood, attitude, the attitude towards life. Bathroom design - it's a philosophy. Often in the design of the bathroom can now be seen and gilding, and high-tech and traditional solutions for this space. Bathroom design can overlap in style with the other rooms in the apartment, and can conversely, radically different. Bathroom bachelor's sure to be the exact opposite of bathrooms young woman. Fantasy and imagination again! Of course, the important role played by such factors as size, tone, shape of bathroom - all of this is given due attention. Do you have a small area of ??the bathroom? Not a problem, make the bathroom in bright colors, use a rounded shape in the interior, suspension plumbing, drain at the sink to mask the wall, a pair of lungs 'air' lockers - and voila! Bathroom looks spacious! But at the same time, the bathroom should be practical, durable and comfortable. How to translate dreams into reality? Sometimes the most unexpected solutions may be the best. Thin silver "legs sink, roll-formed curls that frame the mirror. Furniture bathrooms, as well as accessories, should be practical. Underline the elegance of bathroom furniture combined tones and shades bathroom furniture.
Ceramic tile - what it eat?
Vitaly Lviv Ceramic tiles - one of the most ancient building material, but despite her age, she still goes out of fashion. Advanced materials for walls and floors are not able to dislodge it from our homes, this is largely due to the fact that ceramic tile has simply irreplaceable properties. Firstly, it is a very durable material. If it is properly stowed, the limit of his strength, "concentrated load" of 10-20 times greater than the possibility of cement or concrete and can reach 30 tons / sq. Secondly, high stiffness allows the ceramic tiles do not bend or deform, even at very high loads on the break. And the thicker the tile, the higher the rate. Thirdly, this material has the properties of fire resistance and fire resistance, so the tiles can be used for lining furnaces and fireplaces. She does not burn and protects the wall tiles, and when heated it does not emit toxic substances. In addition, ceramic tile does not conduct electrical current without being destroyed on contact with chemicals, does not change color when exposed to sunlight. This is one of the most hygienic materials, which can not long exist germs. With these criteria and, of course, its decorative tile and enjoyed such great popularity. Needed most tile in the kitchen, hallway and bathroom. Ease of cleaning, hygiene, water resistance make this material an optimal and almost indispensable in these areas. The only downside: tile a good conductor of heat, which means that residents of cool countries are not very comfortable on it without shoes.
High-quality electricity in a country house
Quality electricity - a major problem in many regions of Russia. Fluctuations of voltage and current are so large that in some cases lead to failure of an expensive home and other equipment. Reasons for lowering the voltage a great many: the distance from the substation, the presence of feeders powerful consumers, outdated and not designed for modern electrical cable, just next to the ongoing welding and much more. Low voltage network is dangerous for refrigerators, pumps and any engines. Increasing the voltage - the situation is less common but more fatal in effect, as a danger to all electrical equipment, without exception. The first sign by which to judge the faults in the network - a flashing or frequent burnout of incandescent lamps. The main indicators of power quality are determined by GOST 13109-97, which provides that, subject to these regulations is provided "compatibility of electric networks of general purpose power and electric network electric power consumers (receivers of electric energy). The rules of the standard are mandatory in all modes of power supply systems of general use, except for modes associated with unforeseen situations. However, the reality is much more complicated. About any safeguards can not speak, for example, in rural areas where there is a massive building of cottages, and where the substation and yard is extremely worn. In a survey of more than 300 objects in various places like the Moscow region and other close lying areas, made some analysis of really existing network quality.
Wednesday, September 28, 2011
What we know about the arches
Vitaly Lviv Arch today are increasingly gaining a place in a residential area especially when the redevelopment of apartments. Most often installed in hallways, especially if they consist of several buildings. Arches are the architectural solution space without the visual separation unit doors. Today they are increasingly gaining a place in a residential area especially when the redevelopment of apartments. Most often installed in hallways, especially if they consist of several buildings. Lancet arch may have or round shape. Openings with a circular contour are several types: "classic" - one of the most common. Its arc has the correct radius and "modern" - an arc of the arch is made with enthusiasm, "Romance" - an arc of the arch has a direct part in the middle with rounded corners, the right radius; - "ellipsoidal" - an arc of the arch in the form of right or wrong of an ellipse. Arch can be installed as a "transom" over a rectangular door or window opening. Today, the market appeared ready archways, which are delivered unassembled - the repair of apartments is very convenient. The kit consists of two arcs, the four pillars, arches and panels to racks, and decorative locks. Decorative locks come in two forms: narrow rounded (as a rule, they put up) and wide (they put down). Standard modular arch, made of MDF, suitable for wide openings 820-1550 mm and a height of 2330 mm wall thickness 50-185 mm. Set an arched transition may include a variety of decorative elements.
Wooden cottages of timber
A growing place among the town houses being built in Russia in recent times is occupied wooden houses. Many domestic buyers of suburban housing again today prefer wooden cottages. For a long time in our country, wood was the main material for building houses. It gradually replaced other materials, and it was thought that as a building material wood short-lived, and most importantly - fire hazard. However, on the brink of thousands of years by the introduction of new technology it returned to the building practice. And it became obvious that our natural environment wooden house fits perfectly. Over the last few years of intense suburban development psychological barrier last few decades has been overcome. Began to change and stereotypes associated with the idea of ??living in wooden houses. Experience shows that a modern wooden house can be very convenient and comfortable. However, when choosing a wooden house project is important to consider what will be the house: a tree, what form and what a way to handle will be used as building material for a future home. Of technology and quality construction materials depend not only on appearance and reliability of the home, but also a comfortable stay. Therefore, harvesting and processing wood - not less important stage of construction than build a wooden cottage. Today, successful companies in all stages of the production process are automated. When designing the home of industrial production is widely used computer technology that allows us to derive wooden construction on a new level.
Overlap of summer homes
Vitaly Overlapping Lviv - one of the most important structures in the building. It should have adequate bearing capacity, stiffness, minimum deflection, have sound-proof and heat-shielding properties. Simple design overlap, which makes use of available materials for the builder, allows you to make it on their own with minimal lifting means. Overlap serve to separate the building height to the floors. These structural elements perceived burden of people in the building and equipment, play the role of horizontal diaphragm stiffness to ensure stability of the building as a whole, and also provide heat and sound insulation of buildings. Overlap should have sufficient strength and rigidity to withstand a load of its own weight, and useful (static and dynamic). The value of the payload at 1 m overlap is determined depending on the purpose and nature of its premise equipment. Joists must be tough, ie, under loads not to give deflections in excess of permissible limits of magnitude. Joists must be run from the smallest possible number of standard or standard parts, assembled at the construction site by means of mechanisms with a minimum expenditure of time and manual labor. They should be comfortable in shape and weight for transportation and assembly. In constructing the overlap should provide sufficient degree of sound insulation, the magnitude of which is set rules or special instructions for the design of buildings of a destination. Sound-proofing requirements are determined by the location of floor (attic, intercommunication, nadpodvalnoe) and the functions of shared premises.
Decorative plaster
Vitaly Lviv make beautiful interiors at home today under the force of each. Would have the desire and money. The more so because there is no need content meager collection of traditional ways of finishing. New materials and technologies are gradually replacing the characteristic features of the interior of the Soviet era. For example, the walls hang wallpaper now unfashionable. Plaster - it is something that you can keep up with the times. And not only domestic but also in outdoor decoration. Widely used for decoration of buildings have decorative plaster relief, comprising: binding element - usually a synthetic resin which can be in the form of a dispersion or solution, filler and various additives, solvents, thickeners, preservatives, hydrophobic (water repellent) matter antiseptic and biocidal agents. Fillers for decorative plasters are three basic types. This marble, granite and quartz grit or a mixture thereof. The grain size crumb can vary quite widely: from 0.5 to 5.4 mm. In this case, the same material can be produced in several versions with different values ??of crumbs. Of course, that its size not only affects the appearance and degree of relief of the surface but also significantly affects the flow of material: the larger it is, the higher the consumption. Decorative plaster with large grains of the filler is preferably used for the exterior, since such surfaces look mostly from afar: that the surface structure was visible, it must be large enough relief. For finishing interior materials suited to small fraction of the crumbs - the surface becomes less rough.
Tuesday, September 27, 2011
Massive board: the philosophy of stability
Maxim Glotov man, appreciates the stability and the Q, are struggling in today's rapidly changing world. However, there are things that still live on the other, we may say the eternal laws. Among them - the massive board. This material is for the ages. His appearance is driving away the thought of the impermanence of earthly existence. Massive board holds a special place in the row of wooden floors. For its appearance, it resembles a parquet board, but unlike the latter, consists of a single piece of wood, rather than three layers, where valuable - only the top. Accordingly, the massive floor stands a much greater number of polishing (thickness 2-2,2 cm working layer of the array up to 1 cm). With solid wood parquet has the general structure (parquet is also solid on the depth), but it far exceeds its size. Typically, the width of these boards is 12-15 cm (rarely 20 cm), and length - from 60 cm to 3 m. Wood Flooring: from classics to exotics Solid flooring is made from both hardwood and softwood timber. Anciently known oak floors, renowned for its strength and durability. Hardwood with oak competes Siberian larch: it has high hardness, resistance to pests, moisture and most importantly, is relatively inexpensive. From overseas for the manufacture of solid wood boards are used: Tigerwood, Ipe (Lapacho), Jatoba, Rosewood, Zebrano, teak, wenge. The most common foreign breed - merbau. Exotic breeds are understandably more expensive local. But if you want to lay an unusual floor (purple, yellow, pink hue, etc.), it is better to pay more for imports than to acquire widespread toned rocks (eg oak): pereshlifovke at all the beauty disappears.
Repair door and window frames
Vitaly Lviv meticulous inspection of the windows and doors determine the amount of work necessary materials and tools for repair. Often, because of the condensate, are deteriorating or any of the elements of a window or door unit. Not to change once the whole door or window assembly, which is associated with tangible costs, they can be repaired, and they still serve you, keeping the heat in the house. Meticulous inspection of the windows and doors determine the amount of work necessary materials and tools for repair. Because of condensation often rots the lower window elements of the block and the top element doors. Defective hollow box section, replacing it with a detail of pine appropriate size, which is glued or nailed, zashpaklevyvaya the joints. If the defect is of considerable size box, replace the entire element (from corner to corner). In choosing items to recover the necessary slots and install the hinges and other fittings. When defects window or door frame it is removed from the opening and replace the new one. Boxes in masonry walls are nailed to the wooden tube and wedges in the frame walls - the uprights. In the gap between the frame and a wooden plug inserted hack saw blade sawing and nail. This reception free of all nails, then remove the box from opening. Nailed to a stud box is more difficult to remove because of its tightly placed. In the joint between the frame and stand clog the ax blade, forming a gap width of 2 ... 3 mm, which pushes hacksaw blade for sawing the nails.
The Second Life of parquet
Vitaly Lviv Parquet - a very time-consuming and demanding finishing operations. Matter how carefully did not fit parquet, achieve an ideal surface is virtually impossible. Therefore, for a final floor leveling carried out a range of works. First, consider the materials used for flooring. Hardwood materials include flooring itself, as well as materials in some way mimic the parquet. Parquet - wood material in the form of plates made of hard wood. Basically was spread parquet from oak, beech, elm, ash, maple, elm, beech, birch. Plate on the side edges are ridges and grooves. Usually located on the crest of one long and one short edge, and the other two slots are made. Much less common flooring of the two types of plates - plates only on some slots, while others only ridges. Ridges and grooves provide a tight connection of individual plates in a single whole - a great beauty and environmentally friendly floor. The thicker the parquet plate, the longer and better is parquet and so, naturally, it is more expensive. When people talk about "real" hardwood floor, it usually refers to two of its kind - piece and mosaic. Laying the "real" hardwood floor - a very time-consuming and demanding finishing operations. Matter how carefully did not fit parquet, achieve an ideal surface is virtually impossible. Therefore, for a final floor leveling the complex of works aimed at achieving the desired characteristics of parquet flooring. Depending on its condition and your wishes can be carried out following operations: a preliminary sanding parquet - Made Belt sander to remove old paint, dirt, removal of small imperfections, scratches and warping wood sanding parquet - finally smooths the surface and eliminates the traces of sanding - waviness, shagreen and rising pile of wood.
Bricklaying. Methods
Bricklaying lead in three ways: vprizhim, vprisyk and vprisyk with trimming solution, and back filling - vpoluprisyk. Choice of kladkizavisit from the plasticity solution, the state of brick (dry or wet) season and cleanliness requirements face of the masonry. See Fig. 1. Bricklaying way vprizhim Masonry way vprizhim (Fig. 1 ), lay out brick walls on the hard solution (slump 7-9 cm) with complete filling and grouting. This way, stack as Stretcher bond, and perpender miles. This solution was spread a indented from the face wall of 10-15 mm. solution is spread with the back of the trowel, moving it from the laid brick and mortar bed at the same time arranging for three or five Stretcher bond header brick. kirpichavprizhim clutch operates in the following order. Holding the right hand trowel, level of its mortar bed, then rake up an edge of the trowel of mortar and pressed it to the vertical faces previously laid brick, and left hand brings a new brick to the place of installation. then dipped brick on the prepared bed and moving his left hand earlier into for laid brick, pressed against the canvas of a trowel. Moving up the right hand removed trowel and brick , pulls his left hand, grip the mortar between the vertical edges fit into the previously laid brick. Press to your hands face down on ulozhennyy.kirpich mortar bed. "excess solution squeezed out of a seam on the face of masonry, trimmed with a trowel for a reception after the installation of blows every 3-5 bricks or after the installation of two tablespoons of bricks.
Memo to buyers of inspiration
Aleksandr amphitheater building a house on an individual project cost of design services ranging from 4 to 10% of the total budget. A lot or a little? For that, ultimately paid by the customer? Buyer finished project is always right - he just knows that he takes. Customer is an individual project, driven by a noble passion for excellence, unwittingly, but inevitably drawn into the complex process. Its result can exceed all expectations, but can - quite the contrary. Of course, if successful, we put it in a predominantly merit itself, and defeat entirely refer to the account of the architect. But if you look at the matter objectively, necessarily come to the conclusion that the root of evil - vague idea of ??what we get for their money. Anyone who treats us First and foremost, an individual project - the ideological foundation of the house. That is, simply put, a decision that takes into account a lot of options. Part of the parameter sets we do - for example, choosing the overall style of the house. Another part of us is almost independent: the existing infrastructure or site relief, usually have to take for granted. And finally, there are limits, which can be separated - a different question to what extent and at what price. Working on the project, the architect of "reads" the objective situation and predicts the consequences of the customer's wishes. But most importantly - find a compromise between the two requests, common sense and the law profession. For this we are, strictly speaking, to him and pay: a designer is more like a lawyer or a doctor than as a painter.
Monday, September 26, 2011
Design principles of conditioning and ventilation systems
1. Calculation of heat balance premises Drawing heat and moisture balance for the air-conditioned room is well-known methods adopted in the heating and ventilating equipment. This should take into account all factors affecting the change in the state of indoor air. To produce heat balance premises must identify all income and loss of heat in the room. In different rooms, there are two main categories of thermal loads: thermal stresses of the outside premises (outdoor) Thermal stresses resulting in buildings (domestic) 1.1. External heat load External heat load represented by the following components: Teplopostupleniya or heat loss as a result of the temperature difference between outside and inside the building through walls, ceilings, floors, windows and doors. The temperature difference between outside and inside the building during the summer is positive, resulting in heat flow occurs from outside to inside the premises, and vice versa - in the winter, this difference is negative and the direction of heat flow changes Teplopostupleniya from solar radiation through the glazed area, this burden is manifested in the form of perceived heat . Solar radiation is always creates a positive heat load, in both summer and winter. In summer, this load should be compensated, but in winter it is insignificant and can be integrated with the heat generated by the installation of an artificial climate. Outdoor ventilation air and the entering air (due to infiltration) may also have different properties, which, however, almost always contrasted with the meteorological requirements of the premises.
About the nuances of the zero cycle
Vladimir Mikhailov Spring is in full swing, summer is not far off when, as is known, it is best to lay the foundations of houses. And so - it's time to talk about the types and selection criteria of the foundations. Kind of foundation is primarily determined by the characteristics of the soil at a given location, terrain features and the parameters of most buildings. The relationship is so tough, so to start remind our readers about the basic types of foundations. Classification of foundations - quite traditional, it varies little with age. The bases are divided into two groups: specialized (buried), and shallow-buried. In the first case of concrete structures installed below the level of soil freezing in the second - at a depth of approximately 0,5 meters. Recall that the average depth of frost in our region is 1.5 meters. A comparison of these figures it is clear that the number of laid concrete can vary three-fold or more, respectively, several times will vary and the cost of different types of foundations. Further, depending on how the foundations are based on the ground, they are columnar, tape and Slab. Pier foundation is a concrete piles, poles, which support the house in a few key points. Point - not a line, much less a solid concrete field, and hence the material is spent not very much. However, any price to fight for the laying of precisely this type of foundation, of course, is not worth it. In some cases, it is absolutely unacceptable and its use will be a flagrant violation of SNIP.
Growing as trees
Vladimir Mikhailov building technologies in the contemporary country market is very much like the construction of various strategies. Because the house can be constructed in one step, once and for all, so that its shape will remain the same decade. And you can, if you will, "grow" in the house, adding over time new elements and improving housing. But rising house condemns the owners for many years to live on site. And this way of suburban life is hardly someone to arrange. Again, an unfinished house looks awkward and unaesthetic, which also adds fun bosses. What say to that? If you build a vacation home, using the standard strategy, then perhaps it will be so. Moreover, some imperfections can ruin lives: if you, say, unfinished roof or nedovstavili window units, then live in the house will not only be uncomfortable, but simply impossible. When erecting the house, you can use a strategy that takes into account the gradual advance, rather, a reasonable phasing of the construction process. This is especially true for those who think money and can not directly invest in construction of a large amount. Of course, someone advises take credit for these purposes, but as long as such withdrawal is problematic. That is, credit may give, but the percentage is very high, and the repayment periods no stretch for decades. That is why certain categories of people can safely recommend to build a country house, step by step. How is this done? Suppose you have the money to build a modest house, which will be one or two living rooms and small kitchen.
Sunday, September 25, 2011
Give the lawn a drink
Zoe Dydynskaya Signs of a modern country house - special attention to elements of landscape design. A neat lawn, a beautiful flower garden, neat garden may be the subject of your pride and a source of constant 'white' envy of the neighbors. To keep the trees, flowers and grass in perfect condition, do not forget about the importance of timely and dosed irrigation. Accomplish this task will help automatic watering system, which in Europe is used for more than half a century. In our country where for many decades circulated manual or automatic methods of irrigation, automated systems become every day more and more fans. The modern system of automatic watering can consist of many of its elements (nodes). It is important to understand exactly what you need. The main units of the system are: remote control (controllers), solenoid valves, sprinklers (watering head), meteodatchiki, pipes and electrical cables, gidrorozetki (hydrants), pumping station, storage capacitance. Let's talk more about the main sites of avtopolivom. Remote control (controllers) control panel (CP) - is the brain of the whole system avtopolivom. IP is designed based on the microprocessor, which transmits signals to the solenoid valves off and irrigation system on a certain schedule. The controller controls the valves alternately. At the completion of one irrigation zone valve, it includes the following areas, etc. Remote install indoors or outdoors. To him connect solenoid valves, various sensors and additional control devices.
A modern wooden house
Oksana Kolganova in articles about home construction and materials for the walls, we again and again return to the subject tree. This is understandable. History and our entire way of life are organically connected with the forest and wood - hence our notions of beauty, generosity, work and freedom. Our home - a reflection of our mentality in everyday life. Residential and living in Russia since ancient times has been developed building wooden houses. Centuries-old traditions and unique wooden architecture used in the construction and to this day. What's good this stuff? Wood, even after technological processing, retains its ecological and aesthetic beauty. Natural wood can translate virtually any construction and architectural practice. Especially that new technologies, many of which now make it possible to eliminate the drawbacks of the tree, stressing its advantages. The face of modern wooden houses varied. The emergence of new technologies is rapidly changing our daily lives and the face of our home, without losing sight of the distant image of the mother, keenly receptive to new influences. But here is what is significant: in all these transformations of the wooden house only gets better, it incorporates only the most acceptable and organic. Softwood is used in the construction of pine, fir, larch, fir, cedar. For the manufacture of load-bearing structures are more suitable for pine and larch, in contrast to spruce and fir are less prone to rotting. In the European construction industry because of its prevalence ranks first pine.
Building a house made of logs
Oksana Kolganova In pursuit of the benefits of urban civilization, we surround ourselves with more and more artificial attributes of these goods: concrete, metal, glass, plastics. But the warm at heart inescapable, from the original running time commitment to a tree. "It would be nice to live in a cottage made of logs or even in the summer house of timber. It would be nice istopit bathhouse, chopped off the shelves. Yes, even with the scent of pine taiga. Only there, in a wooden interior, you can breathe! "Note that this nostalgia is nothing lost there. Modern low-rise construction in Russia - a triumph of a tree in a new technological options. On the advantages of wooden houses can be endless. The material is so versatile that inevitably arises the idea - he's the only that is intended to shelter from nature. In the house of timber or logs are always clean air, moisture and oxygen balance is maintained at an optimum level regardless of external conditions, which ensures a comfortable stay. Despite the huge number of suburban buildings and their construction technologies that have emerged in recent years, it is no exaggeration to say that the majority and still live in wooden houses. The latest construction technologies to inhale the wooden architecture of the new force. Wooden houses are durable and reliable. What is so good wooden house that is round logs, which technologies are wood construction, there are and how they are available? Wood has a beneficial effect on the human body, having the ability to "breathe." In this case, a wooden house made of logs will be warm, as this material has low thermal conductivity and high ability to accumulate heat.
Cement-bonded particle boards
Roman Hlan In modern construction technologies are increasingly used "dry mounting" that significantly improve the quality of supplies and works as a whole. That is why today one of the most frequently used materials are cement-bonded particle board (DSP), which tells you our article. Cement-bonded particle boards made from very common components, namely: cement, sawdust (waste wood processing), water and aluminum sulfate, known as liquid glass. Cement-bonded particle boards have a homogeneous structure: tightly pressed wood chips, covered with cement mortar. Inside the plates are solid core, which suffered less strong subsequent layers. Their surface is both smooth and textured. Advantages and disadvantages of the DSP, this building material has several advantages, allowing to apply it in a variety of designs. The advantages of DSPs include: a small price, high strength, excellent moisture, frost and fire (especially significant when processing DSP special structures), increased sound insulation, environmentally friendly, as expressed in the absence of harmful ingredients, ease of processing, the accuracy of geometric dimensions, the ability to different types of surface finish (painting, plastering, pasting wallpaper or ceramic tile); protection against attacks rodents, fungi and insects. As can be seen, the DSP has incorporated the best quality properties Particleboard, cement, plasterboard and other building materials. But as you know, there is nothing perfect. In cement-bonded boards is a significant disadvantage in a very limited life span: in conditions of severe exploitation does not exceed 15 years.
Flexible tubing. Classification and applications
Viktor Mikhailov Hoses small (10 to 200 mm) diameter are widely used in the creation of utilities since the mid 60-ies. Their share in the total number of pipelines is continuously growing - in Western Europe it is 80-90%, in Russia - about 30-35%. In the housing flexible ducts of small diameter are used to connect to the pipelines of medium and large-diameter wide variety of devices and systems: the end equipment (taps, faucets, air conditioners, washing machines, dishwashers, flushing cisterns, floor heating system, additional sections of radiators, gas water heaters, plates, etc.); water and gas fittings, pumps, ducts, glands supply systems; drains; measuring devices (thermometers, pressure gauges, meters and resource consumption, etc.), other equipment and communications. Currently, a special regulatory framework for flexible small-diameter pipelines do not exist. Therefore, when choosing, installing and operating such pipelines should be guided by the general requirements for piping systems, hot and cold water, sewerage, heating, gas and electricity, as well as the technical characteristics of the end devices and appliances. Cost-effectiveness of the use of flex depends on its complex technical and operational features. When choosing flex necessary to consider not only its cost but also the mechanical strength, resistance to low or high temperatures, reliability, complexity of installation, interaction with different chemical environments, toxic and bacteriological safety, aesthetics and other factors.
Saturday, September 24, 2011
Why use oil paint?
Dlyaoblitsovki walls and floors in the living room (kitchen, washrooms, dushevyhkabinah and bathrooms) are using tiles of different materials, which not only meet sanitary requirements, noi improve the appearance of a finished surface, perform zaschitnuyufunktsiyu (protect against the ingress room humidity, sound, low temperatures). Experienced master oblitsovschik help you create izoblitsovochnyh real tile carpet tiles, murals and mosaics. Prior to the tile work in the premises must be zakonchenystroitelnye and assembly, installation, pressure testing and oprobovanietrub water and electrical wiring. The air temperature in pomescheniipod finish should be no lower than 8-10 °. The tiles are fixed to the walls and floors with help of cement, mastic or adhesive. The absence in the press information to osoznannootdat preference one way or another firm, reduces the requirements potrebitelyak quality of the goods to the level of quotidian needs: price, size, color (monochrome, mottled, marble, granite, etc., with a picture), the nature of the surface (glazed, textured, matte, sobemnym, convex or recessed pattern), destination (floor, wall). In fact, tile is subdivided into a number of classes in our sootvetstviis undemanding State Standards and criteria UNI CEN (Evropeyskayakomissiya Standardization). Abroad, there is even a spektrperiodicheskih publications devoted solely to tile: Seramic World Review, Global Seramic Review, Ceramic ForumInternational, Azulejos, Bric World Review. They covered problemytehnologicheskih processes, market innovations, the results of tests carried out by various factories in accordance with the standards CEN.
Tiling work
Dlyaoblitsovki walls and floors in the living room (kitchen, washrooms, dushevyhkabinah and bathrooms) are using tiles of different materials, which not only meet sanitary requirements, noi improve the appearance of a finished surface, perform zaschitnuyufunktsiyu (protect against the ingress room humidity, sound, low temperatures). Experienced master oblitsovschik help you create izoblitsovochnyh real tile carpet tiles, murals and mosaics. Prior to the tile work in the premises must be zakonchenystroitelnye and assembly, installation, pressure testing and oprobovanietrub water and electrical wiring. The air temperature in pomescheniipod finish should be no lower than 8-10 °. The tiles are fixed to the walls and floors with help of cement, mastic or adhesive. The absence in the press information to osoznannootdat preference one way or another firm, reduces the requirements potrebitelyak quality of the goods to the level of quotidian needs: price, size, color (monochrome, mottled, marble, granite, etc., with a picture), the nature of the surface (glazed, textured, matte, sobemnym, convex or recessed pattern), destination (floor, wall). In fact, tile is subdivided into a number of classes in our sootvetstviis undemanding State Standards and criteria UNI CEN (Evropeyskayakomissiya Standardization). Abroad, there is even a spektrperiodicheskih publications devoted solely to tile: Seramic World Review, Global Seramic Review, Ceramic ForumInternational, Azulejos, Bric World Review. They covered problemytehnologicheskih processes, market innovations, the results of tests carried out by various factories in accordance with the standards CEN.
The beauty of the site in detail
Vitaly Lviv During the construction of private homes, few paid attention to this important element of external design of the site as paving slabs and fence. However, these indispensable elements of the private house building play a significant role. Reinforced stone path known strength of old. Even the Romans used the stone in the road. Even then, he knew about such properties such as strength, durability and practicality. The first time the stone is not treated, but then it began to grind and give a different shape. This is how the pavement with her such as the construction of fences. Now the use of stone in construction have reduced a requirement, but was transformed into several other kinds and amounts. In this age of high technology and industrial progress of natural stone come up with cheaper and less laborious alternative - a concrete paving stone, called the "Pavement". Sidewalk tiles in two ways: vibropressing and vibrocasting. The first involves the use of harsh mixes with low water content, the second used plastic compositions, and embedded in vibroformy. Both methods allow to obtain excellent results, and the choice of method of production or that kind of tiles depends on the shape of the finished product, the solution composition and preferences of the manufacturer. To date vibrocasting became more widespread in the Russian factories for the production of pavement surfaces. With it, get the tiles of different sizes and shapes. Along with a smooth surface produced products that simulate brick, paving stones, boards, and even wood sawn.
Role of Geodesy in human life
Vitaly Lviv word "surveying" is formed from the Greek word «ge» - land and «dazomai» - share, divide into parts. If you translate it literally, you get "zemlerazdelenie. This name is consistent with the content of Geodesy at the time of its conception and initial development. For example, in Egypt long before our era, we measured the size of land, built irrigation systems, all performed with the participation of Surveyors. With the development of human society, the increasing role of science and technology expand the content of Geodesy, is complicated by the challenges in front of her life. Currently, geodesy - the science of methods for determining the shape and size of the Earth's surface, and images on maps and plans, as well as how to carry out various measurements on the Earth's surface (land and water areas), underground, near the Earth and other planets . Prominent surveyor V. Witkowski, characterized this science: Surveying is one of the most useful branches of knowledge. All of our earthly existence is restricted to the Earth, and to study its form and dimensions of humanity is as necessary as an individual - to get acquainted with the details of their homes. " Benefits of Geodesy, are essential. The exact location of the elements in the plan. Opportunity to see a future plan of the garden on your computer, use the three-dimensional images of 3D-Max. Allows the design stage to select the future planning of the plot: rectangular, circular diagonal.
Friday, September 23, 2011
Convenience vs. ergonomic space
Vitaly Lviv Choose a bath - it's not easy, but quite frankly, difficult and troublesome. Inverse image of the first bathtub appeared very long ago, it was plain wooden barrel called a font. Currently, much has changed. Modern bath mainly made of three materials: cast iron, steel and acrylic. Before you choose a bath, you need to decide on the material from which it would be. Then choose the shape and size of baths, which may be different. For example, the existing large and very small bath, a bath can be with beveled side, there are models for docking with a shower, it is done in order to save space in the bathroom, these baths can comfortably take a bath and shower, so that a person could normally to stand and turn around. issued and a Japanese-style baths, which can be supplied with all kinds of massage and can also be equipped with various lights. Faced with a choice of bathrooms, it is important to remember as the practicality of your future bath and bath on the aesthetics, because the bath is an important element of the interior throughout the bathroom. Bath - one of the basic plumbing appliances, which is located in the bathroom. Therefore, a huge selection of bathrooms it is important to determine which bath is right for you the most. Baths are cast iron, steel and cast iron bathtubs, acrylic bathtubs Those familiar with all the inhabitants of the Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. It is these baths were in the apartments that we or our parents are free from the state. There was no alternative for many years and so many of us have even done a complete renovation in their apartment, but did not manage until now to change the bath.
"Vodoemnoe" decoration
Even in a strange way, more recently, in our gardens and home gardens, artificial ponds were rare. The quiet water surface, babbling brook, naughty spray fountains and a rapid waterfall - it is always a special color garden filled with the sounds and even a rainbow on a sunny day. Modern materials allow you to create a body of water almost anyone with a garden, while in most cases, spending a minimum of effort and resources. The most common form of water body for amateur gardens are ponds, whose sizes and shapes vary depending on the style of a particular landscape and a host of funds. Pond in the garden not only creates a special microclimate, is impressive decorative element. He is a very beneficial effect on the human psyche, allows to relax, resting near the water. In addition to the pond in the garden you can make a stream, swamp, waterfall, cascade, even the original aqueous composition that includes a variety of water elements. Separate story deserve aquatic and riparian plants. It will take some time, and you want to update the look of your pond. And here come to the aid a variety of designs fountains, decorative lighting. Only once have to take into account that fish living in the pond, as well as varietal nymphs are very fond of noise and splashing fountains. Generally, the plan immediately, for which you are building a pond: just how effective decorative element; to grow beautiful aquatic plants, for breeding of ornamental fish, and maybe want to have to combine? In any case, you need expert advice.
Tach water meters
Deynekin Viktor To account for consumption of hot and cold water in the Russian housing and communal services are most often used tach meters. Their basic element is an impeller, turbine, screw element, a ball or piston, rotating under the action of water flow. Number of turns of the element is fixed mechanically or magnetomechanical counter. Tachometer counters are pretty accurate, reliable, have a great working resource, easy to install, operate and maintain. All models are certified in Russia, have a guaranteed lifespan of at least 12 years. Calibration interval control accuracy meter installed by the manufacturer. Typically, this is 5-6 years for cold water meters and 3-5 meters for hot water. Price division tach meter ranges from 0,001 to 1.0 m3. Measurement error at different modes of water consumption ranges from 0.5 to 5% and is determined by metrological class of device, which is denoted by the letters A, B, C and D. Class A devices are only installed in horizontal pipelines, Class B, C and D - on the horizontal, vertical and oblique sections. When selecting the instrument should take into account the fact that there are models of counters, which are certified by the same class (eg, B), but when installed on vertical and inclined sections of the pipeline the accuracy of their testimony is a Class A. The manufacturer should specify it in the device data sheet. Depending on the maximum working pressure of the counter may be 1,0 or 1,6 MPa, but most devices can withstand short-term increase in pressure up to 2 MPa or more.
Spend wisely
Types of adhesives for wallpaper adhesives for wallpaper used on the basis of flour, starch, wood glue, resins, latex, rubber and other adhesive materials possessing acceptable processing properties (colorless, necessary adhesion, time setting). Industry produces adhesives in the form of packaged with instructions for preparation and application. If there is no glue factory manufacture adhesives can be made from flour and their waste, as well as potato or corn starch. Pasting a simple wallpaper paste should be prepared without glue. With its adhesive used for gluing surfaces and label paper. Prokleivat and pasting paper can be hot paste, wallpaper is just cool. From the hot glue paint on the wallpaper and soak smeared during priglazhivaniya, so it should be done through a clean paper. Shelf-life glue at a positive temperature one day, when negative - two or three days. Fresh paste has a high bonding strength. Its better to prepare for a day of work. Consumption of any adhesive depends on the roughness of the surface density of the paper and wallpaper. Some wallpapers require double smearing paste and, of course, the ability to work. Paste made of flour or starch is used when a sale is not final. Flour can be replaced by flour dust settles on different structures inside the mill and the flour with the presence of small grains of sand, what happens when after forging grinding millstones. Flour is rye, peklevannaya or peeled, wheat, oats, etc., which has good adhesive ability. Starch can be potato, corn or maize.
Secrets of the painters
Vitaly Lviv Painting work - drawing painting structures on the surface of buildings and structures in order to increase their service life, improve sanitation in the premises and give them a beautiful appearance. Every year interior space is becoming sleeker, increased requirements for architectural expression, internal and external design of buildings, quality of finish. Meet these requirements new efficient, economical repair materials - new synthetic varnishes, lacquers and paints, particularly water-based and silicone. It would seem to paint a wall - it is not difficult. However, the painting requires very careful preparation of the wall to the repairs: Paint will not hide any cracks or irregularities or any other defects in the wall. In addition, there are many ways of applying the paint, depending on which improves the appearance and color last longer. Clean painted surfaces depends on the quality of operations performed and the sequence of works. In the high-quality color unacceptable tiny grains in the paint. Paint work need different brushes, rollers, spatulas, rulers. When painting works use different colors on the composition of: adhesives, lime, oil, enamel, and others. All paints contain various binders, pigment and auxiliary substances. Value of parts in paint is not by chance, so adding some substance at random, such as solvent, instead of improving the quality of the painted surface can lead to its reduction. Typically, paint is sold as a finished product. If you want to dilute it, add to only the most necessary amount of solvent, otherwise the paint will flow, especially on vertical surfaces.
Thursday, September 22, 2011
Veneer artificial stone
Tatiana Gordienko to create a modern design are increasingly attracted to an artificial stone that combines the beauty, strength and durability. It perfectly mimics the texture of the surfaces of stone, brick, wood and ceramics. In this case, the artificial stone is porous (it does not absorb odors, moisture and dyes), and resistant to extremes of temperature, is a good heat insulator, does not allow an electric current. These properties are removed restrictions on decorating electrical panels, furnaces and fireplaces. Artificial stone weighs in 1,5 times better the original, so it is much easier to fix on the wall. Material is available in a variety of billing options and the broadest range of colors. Part of the collection include corner units, parts for the frame window and door openings, etc., which facilitates stacking and extends its use. However, despite the relative simplicity of the artificial stone for a truly excellent result to precisely follow the recommended techniques of surface preparation and installation. Preparation of various types of grounds for laying tile cladding artificial stone mounted on different surfaces: brick and concrete, wood and metal, plasterboard, particleboard, etc. In this basis, regardless of type, must be dry, smooth, firm and not subject to shrinkage or deformation. It should be clear from the traces of loose plaster, grease, oil, efflorescence, paint, etc. If the stem is porous or uneven surface temperatures above 30 degrees Celsius, then the pre-treated with primer or deep penetration of the glue mixture, which will subsequently be installed tile.
Characteristics of wood for parquet floors
Rezenkov Alex oak, ash, beech, wenge. Choosing a car person focuses not only on color and appearance, but first and foremost on its performance. The same thing happens when choosing a hardwood floor. You can not buy sex only on the basis of first impressions. You must first determine what the properties of one or another species of wood: how much it is hard, moisture resistance, etc., should be especially careful when it comes to artistic dance floor, where the simultaneous use of several types of wood. For the production of parquet flooring is traditionally used hardwood, softwood is superior in hardness and wear resistance. In turn, the hardwood trees are divided into local (native to Central Europe) and exotic (Africa, South America, Southeast Asia). The first group includes such species as oak, beech, ash, maple, hornbeam, etc., to the second - merbau, teak, wenge, Kumar, Lapacho, Duss, muteniyu, etc. The wood of different species differ in hardness, density , stability, oxidation, expressive texture, the degree of shrinkage, resistance to stress, etc. I know the breed parquet ... One of the basic properties of the parquet - toughness. This indicator is measured by the so-called Brinell method, which essentially consists of the following. Steel ball is pressed into the surface of wood with a certain strength and duration, then measure the indented and calculate the coefficient of hardness. Lower it, so, consequently, less strength is wood. So, Jatoba index of hardness 7. And, say, Scotch pine - just 1,6-1,8.
Apparel for the walls of noble houses
Vitaly Lviv Stone - one of the first natural materials used by man for construction. However, the construction technology at the time pushed him to second place. Now it is used mainly for decoration and repair. But not everyone can afford them oblitsevat wall of the house, because it is expensive and time-consuming additional activities to enhance the surface of the walls and preparing the stone. But human ingenuity has no limits. The Russian fans of this material is now an alternative - a technology of manufacturing artificial stone. The name "artificial stone" refers to its origin rather than to the appearance. Distinguish the real from the fake is possible only with very close range, and then specifically asks this purpose - to modern technologies allow us to simulate and shape, and color, and texture of natural materials. Its constituent elements - the cement of the highest marks (Portland), light organic fillers (concrete block) and high-quality natural dyes. Polymer binders are used to enhance the mechanical and strength properties of the material and, to improve other operational and consumer properties. However, choosing the "stone" for finishing, should inquire in advance of his compositions - some ingredients are not safe from the environmental point of view (eg, phenol formaldehyde resin), and other products reduces the resistance to repetitive cycles of freezing and thawing. One must always take a product from proven and responsible manufacturers and their dealers, demand from the seller the appropriate certificates.
Wednesday, September 21, 2011
Love to ... parquet floors
Since ancient times, the favorite, and often the only building material in the vast territory of Russia is a tree - the most affordable and easy to process material. At first floor of dwellings was a split along the length of the logs, laid flat side up directly on the ground. But already in Kievan Rus were made of wide wooden floor boards laid along the premises on the crossbeams. And for the very significant public or princely houses wooden flooring was laid in several layers. The length of the boards could reach 2 - 2,5 meters and a thickness greater than 20 - 30 mm. Similar plank floors were made primarily of soft conifers. In the XVI century Russia expanded technology flooring from oak staves, stacked pattern, which to this day is called "herringbone". Staves are usually fastened base of soft wood, mostly pine. Reliable flooring was considered as a dense stacking wooden bars in the form of bricks, the joints between them filled with a mixture of lime and resin. The main way of surface treatment of wooden floors in antiquity was impregnated with melted lard, lye, or organic coloring composition and method of care - washing and scraping with the use of alkali and sand. And until the end of the XVI century, the only kind of decorating the floor in Russia remained the unit frieze along the walls around the perimeter of the room, which was used not only for decoration, how to hide seams and bindings boards. Until the mid-nineteenth century the process of production and laying of parquet floors anticipated handheld technology exclusively.
Selecting and laying parquet
Parquet used as a floor covering is not just for the sake of prestige and beauty. Parquet flooring is popular because of its environmental friendliness, good heat and sound insulation. Also attracts and the inimitable brilliance and naturalness of this flooring, even despite the considerable complexity of parquet. The variety of colors of wood, parquet ways can upload almost any designs and drawings. And, most importantly, with proper care hardwood floor will last a long time. Classification parquet Depending on the methods and parquet flooring materials used are divided into several types. By type of materials distinguish the following types: parquet - some strips of natural hardwood, parquet board - two or three-layered shield of wood covered with lacquer (top layer - always solid wood, the bottom - of softwood) laminate - parquet analogue board, except the top layer, which uses decorative film or paper, with the figure "under the tree" or other patterns; massive board - a board, made entirely from solid natural wood. Each of these wood flooring can be laid in various ways. Standard types of installation "Deck", "Christmas tree", "Square" are quite common. And can these types can be combined and stacked along the walls as well as a certain angle. But the originality of a room attached to a variety of artistic modes of presentation ("socket", "diamonds", "Star" and other ornaments). This article will devote the selection and installation is parquet, as one of the most durable.
Dress up the facade
This is a modern facade tiles, weathering decades of building material made of baked clay. Much thinner than the clinker, it is used where an ordinary face brick or clinker can not be used. Construction of the wall occurs without the participation of facade tiles, it just sticks to the existing wall or brickwork. The ideal solution facade tiles - ideal for the repair of old buildings, private homes or apartment buildings are particularly effective with energy-efficient insulation system. Over 80 years of costly for the reconstruction of plaster facades made of 130% of the cost of new construction. Repair costs (only painting of the facade) was 1,120%. On the contrary, the cost of updating the facades, tiled or brick accounted for 30% to upgrade seams and 2% of the ceramic material. Facade tiles - one of the best solutions for renovations and new buildings. It helps to give the building an individual look, complements any cottage, office building, bank, office, restaurant, hotel. Facade tiles can be used for dressing like a whole house, as well as individual items. In particular, for facing building facades using ceramic blocks. The use of polished granite will give the building a certain charm. Porcelain tiles - is resistant to frost and very durable ceramic tile, single firing is held. Ceramic granite is made exclusively from light varieties of clay, and silica sand with the addition of natural dyes. Firing porcelain occurs at a temperature of about 1300 degrees C, which leads to the formation of the monolith.
Tuesday, September 20, 2011
Monday, September 19, 2011
Sunday, September 18, 2011
Saturday, September 17, 2011
Friday, September 16, 2011
Thursday, September 15, 2011
Wednesday, September 14, 2011
Tuesday, September 13, 2011
Monday, September 12, 2011
Sunday, September 11, 2011
Saturday, September 10, 2011
Friday, September 9, 2011
Thursday, September 8, 2011
Wednesday, September 7, 2011
Tuesday, September 6, 2011
Monday, September 5, 2011
Sunday, September 4, 2011
Saturday, September 3, 2011
GOST 50571.23-2000 Electrical installations of buildings. Part 7. Requirements for special installations. Electrical construction sites
GOST 50571.23-2000 (IEC 60364-7-704-89) UDC 696.6:006.354 Group E08 STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION Electrical installations of buildings Part 7: Requirements for special installations Section 704 Electrical construction sites Electrical installations of buildings. Part 7. Requirements for special installations or locations. Section 704. Construction and demolition site installations ACS 91.140.50 29.120.50 13,260 OKS 3402 Effective date 1/1/2002 Preface 1 to develop the All-Russian Research Institute for Electrification of Agriculture (VIESKh) and the All-Russian Research Institute of Standardization and Certification in Engineering (VNIINMASH) INTRODUCED Standardization Technical Committee TC 337 "Electrical installations of residential and public buildings" 2 adopted and put into operation the Decree of the State Standard of Russia on Dec. 18, 2000 № 374-Article 3 of this standard is the authentic text of the international standard IEC 60364-7-704-89 "Electrical installations of buildings. Part 7. Requirements for special installations. Section 704. Devices used in the construction and demolition "with additional requirements that take into account the needs of the country's economy was first introduced 4 Enter This standard is part of the state standards for electrical installations of buildings, developed based on the standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 364" Electrical installations of buildings. " It represents the authentic text of the international standard IEC 60364-7-704-89, except section 1, the qualifying features of this standard in the national energy Section 3, which eliminates ambiguity in the interpretation of terms and requirements (in italics) to reflect the needs of various industries economy, including agricultural production.