Role of Geodesy in human life

Vitaly Lviv word "surveying" is formed from the Greek word «ge» - land and «dazomai» - share, divide into parts. If you translate it literally, you get "zemlerazdelenie. This name is consistent with the content of Geodesy at the time of its conception and initial development. For example, in Egypt long before our era, we measured the size of land, built irrigation systems, all performed with the participation of Surveyors. With the development of human society, the increasing role of science and technology expand the content of Geodesy, is complicated by the challenges in front of her life. Currently, geodesy - the science of methods for determining the shape and size of the Earth's surface, and images on maps and plans, as well as how to carry out various measurements on the Earth's surface (land and water areas), underground, near the Earth and other planets . Prominent surveyor V. Witkowski, characterized this science: Surveying is one of the most useful branches of knowledge. All of our earthly existence is restricted to the Earth, and to study its form and dimensions of humanity is as necessary as an individual - to get acquainted with the details of their homes. " Benefits of Geodesy, are essential. The exact location of the elements in the plan. Opportunity to see a future plan of the garden on your computer, use the three-dimensional images of 3D-Max. Allows the design stage to select the future planning of the plot: rectangular, circular diagonal. Allows to take into account the rough surface area, hills, slopes. Surveying has been studying the Earth, in collaboration with other "Geoscience", that is, the earth sciences. The physical properties of Earth as a whole to study science, "Physics of the Earth, the structure of the upper shell of the planet studying geology and geophysics, structure and characteristics of the oceans and seas - hydrology, oceanography. Atmosphere - air environment of the Earth - and the processes occurring in it are the subject of meteorology and climatology. Flora studies geobotany, wildlife - zoology. In addition, there is geography, geomorphology, and others. Among all of Earth Sciences Geodesy takes its place: it is studying the geometry of the Earth as a whole and the individual sections of its surface, as well as the geometry of all objects (both natural and artificial) on the surface of the earth and its vicinity. Surveying, like other sciences, is constantly absorbing the achievements of mathematics, physics, astronomy, electronics, automation, and other basic and applied sciences. The invention of the laser led to the emergence of laser surveying instruments - laser levels and svetodalnomerov; code instrumentation with automatic fixing of samples could occur only at a certain level of development of microelectronics and automation. As for science, its achievements have caused a real revolution in geodesy, which is happening right before our eyes. . Among the many tasks of geodesy geodesy problems can be identified long-term goals and objectives for the coming years. For long-term task in front of this science include the definition of shapes, sizes, and earth's gravitational field, the spread of a common coordinate system on the territory of a separate state, continent and the whole earth as a whole, the image areas of the surface of the earth on topographic maps and plans, the study of global displacements of crustal blocks. The challenge for the near future, the specialists is the following: the creation and implementation of GIS - geographic information systems, creation of state and local inventory: land, water, forest, urban, etc. Also, topographic and geodetic support delimitation (definitions) and demarcation (designation) Russian state border, the development and implementation of standards in the field of digital mapping, digital and electronic maps and databases, concept development and national program of universal transition to satellite-based methods for autonomous positioning, the creation of a comprehensive national atlas of Russia and others. These tasks are recorded in the Decision of the Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia from 20 February 1995. Complication and the development of geodesy led to its division into several disciplines. Higher Geodesy studying the shape of the Earth, its size and gravitational field. Disseminates adopted coordinate systems within the state, continent or the whole surface of the Earth, has been researching ancient and contemporary crustal movements, as well as studying the shape, size, and the gravitational field of other planets in the solar system. Topography ("topos" - a place, "Count" - writing, word for word - the description of the area) is studying methods of surveying areas in order to image it on the plans and maps. Cartography studies the methods and processes to create and use maps, plans, atlases and other cartographic products. Photogrammetry (phototopography and aerofototopo graphy) explores methods of creating maps and plans for the photos and aerial photographs. Engineering surveying is studying ways and means of geodetic work in prospecting, designing, construction and operation of various engineering structures. Mine Surveying (underground surveying) explores methods of surveying in underground mines. It is clear that well-defined boundaries between these disciplines do not. Thus, the topography consists of elements of higher geodesy and cartography, engineering geodesy uses sections of almost all other geodetic disciplines, etc. Even from this incomplete list of geodetic disciplines see what a variety of tasks - and the theoretical and practical nature - you have to solve the surveyors to meet the demands of public and private institutions, companies and firms. For state planning and development of the productive forces of the country must learn its territory in place for. Topographic maps and plans created by surveyors, we need everyone who works or travels on the Earth: Geology, sailors, airmen, engineers, builders, farmers, foresters, tourists, students, etc. Especially needed maps of the army: the construction of fortifications, shooting at invisible targets, the use of missile technology, the planning of military operations - all without the maps and other geodetic materials is simply impossible. In recent years, the construction of the so called unique engineering structures required by surveying a sharp increase accuracy. For example, the installation of equipment powerful accelerators have to take into account the tenths and even hundredths of a millimeter. According to the results of geodetic measurements of strain and study the current draft of industrial equipment, detect movement of the earth's crust in seismically active areas, monitor water levels in rivers, seas and oceans, and groundwater levels. Surveying for the user Surveying the terrain is carried out in cases where the site has a complex topography and the perimeter of irregular shapes. On the territory is quite a lot of trees and shrubs and for designing drainage systems. In geodesy are used primarily linear and angular measurements. Such measurements are needed to determine the shape and size. Requirements for geodetic measurements have arisen in connection with the measurement of land and its division, the construction of buildings. Engineering and geodetic survey carried out for further construction and improvement of the object, the site area. For beautification and landscaping of grounds and landscape design must meet the following conditions. Horizontal and vertical geodetic network camera crew, land surveying, surveying of underground utilities and the property line. Binding structures and buildings and drawing on the results of leveling profiles available on-site railway tracks or roads and tracing of new roads. If the site is large, it should be divided into separate sectors. First and foremost, you need to shoot the area (horizontal). For horizontal surveying a profile of the area, while the vertical relief. Then make a plan built and unbuilt areas (in order to determine the location of landings and future buildings on the site). All measurements were performed in the area, plotted on a plan to scale 1:500. To create a plan using drawing paper or graph paper. Looking at the reduced scale, it becomes obvious that surveying is required on a fairly large plots for subsistence farming in 6 ares such a service would be redundant. The plan must be applied to only those elements (buildings, flower beds, trees), which will remain in the formation of a new garden. Despite the fact that all sites on the "one person" when you make a specialist - surveyor, each of them takes its shape - rectangular, diagonal or circular. Such diversity depends on the different ways of processing. The choice depends on the shape of the plot. It is impossible to say which of them is the most popular. Limitations in the size of plots is usually not possible to draw a little, and quite a large area. When the circular layout, you can use the effect of touching circles. When planning the small areas you can use rectangular motifs. Diagonal type of layout area is better to use in areas with a large garden with enough free space around the house (not less than 45 degrees). Better use of the option plan, which looks more natural. The use of circular motifs are suitable for areas of rectangular shape. Features are combinations of circles of various sizes, overlapping them with each other and the connections between them. First, determine the place where the community will be located. Then make a strict partitioning of their shape these communities. But this method is inconvenient fact that to maintain a strict outline of the circle for a long time is difficult. When using the method of diagonal motif, the inner space area visually expands. Elements of the garden must have the striping along the grid at an angle of 45 degrees to the wall. Rectangular motifs give the garden a classic look. These kind of planning can be used on long sections, to separate it into separate space (territory). "Precinct" problem hills and lowland areas are some problems in planning and in the future care of the garden. Depending on the angle of inclination of the surface and the configuration of a hill, you can use it as a winning feature of the garden. There can be no examples, because each case must be considered separately. Development of groundnut plot always begins with such time-consuming operations such as felling forests, uprooting stumps, cleaning stones and leveling the site. Despite the seeming simplicity of these works are very difficult and even dangerous. Tools Required: Axe, Saw Luchkova, hacksaw, saw two-handed or with chain saws. When choosing the direction of felling the tree should bear in mind that it is always inevitable deviations, depending on the characteristics of each tree and the natural environment. Wood is easier to blame in the direction of the greatest development of branches, the curvature or tilt, as well as in the direction of the smallest diameter, if the barrel has a flattened shape. When irregular topography plot line of rollers should be chosen so as to avoid times when crosscut. This can happen if the butt and the top will be above the middle of the barrel. In a strong wind better job does not hold. Preparing the tree for felling is cutting around the bush and utaptyvanii or clearing snow in the winter. Furthermore, it should provide the ability to quickly move away from a tree at the time of his fall. At the tree felling better and safer place to work together. Always begins with a pull up. Its purpose - to provide the required direction of felling and safety of workers. Pull up a tree is to notch the tree on the side where it should be dumped. Depth pull up from 1 / 4 to 1 / 3 the diameter of the tree. Pull up doing less, if a tree falls in the direction of a strong natural inclination or wind direction, and deeper, if a tree falls in the direction opposite to tilt. It is performed or an ax or a saw (the so-called "sawing slices"). After doing pull up starting to tree cutting. For security purposes, is unacceptable human presence (except sawyers) in a radius of 30 m. The Cutting perform Luchkova saw, nozhonkoy or two-handed saw. Cut will be easier when Saw wiped with kerosene. If the tree diameter greater than the width of the saw blade, after her burial should be in the propyl insert a wedge to avoid clamping. With a two-handed sawing sawyer each pylon attaches saw only one stroke - for themselves. " In the opposite direction pulls another sawyer, the first only holds a pen blade, without making any effort. Spilivanie stop short of some drunk to pull up to 20-30 mm, and remove the saw. Then make a hand pushing a tree, an ax or poles (six), resting her into a tree at a height of 3-4 m. Pre-warn others of carrying out dangerous operations. After felling the tree clear of branches and produce bucking and warehousing. It is not recommended to keep the timber business in the cortex of more than two weeks, while barking at the ends of logs are best left cortex. This will prevent logs from cracking. Work on the felling of trees to perform better in November and December, when the snow a little more, but the land is frozen. Particular attention should be paid to the garden, with a gradient starting from the house down. It should be noted that such a garden is much easier to draw than the one on which the house stands at the foot of the hill. In this case, the use of terraces, as in the first case is not appropriate. They should be replaced by large-sized (trees), and lawn lawn care in the Taiga. Taiga care will look better on a slope, because care for them will be easier than the lawn. But in general, each case is strictly individual, because must take into account the personal wishes of the customer. Uprooting stumps and cleaning the stones is best to begin in May, when the land is already thawed, but not yet dry. At this time, the roots of communication with the ground more relaxed, the turf has not yet fully grown, and your efforts will be more effective. Uprooting - one of the most labor-intensive operations while developing the site. The simplest solution - is to rent a tractor with a hung stubbing and get the job done in one day. With this solution you will save his strength, but will spend significant sums of money. Also, when pulling the machine heavily damaged the upper mold and subsequent years have to expend energy and funds for its restoration. Many prefer to use a variety of simple devices and physical labor, their family members and friends. This preserves the mold and the health of family members is significantly improved from moderate exercise. Mold is valuable because it is clean of viruses, bacteria and other diseases. Technology grubbing stumps is very simple. Stump dug on all sides, hem and sawed the roots, and then twist his arm or pull out, hooking the winch. Along with the grubbing of stumps, as a general rule, and cleaning up large stones. Stones are simply stored in one place and then used for the foundations of buildings, the device tracks, alpine gardens, retaining walls, etc. The large boulders that could not budge improvised means, can be destroyed if, for example, dilute around a fire, and then pour cold water. Uprooted stumps dried. They can to cut firewood, used for decorative crafts or take an off-site and burned. When uprooted stumps, removed stones and roots, on the site are visible all the features of relief and start to its layout and alignment. Before leveling the surface area necessary to determine the slope of terrain, the direction of flow and the maximum level of standing water table. The direction of the slope of the relief, if any, noticeable to the naked eye, but the direction of flow, and the level of standing groundwater can be determined by digging a hole "to the water." These two factors must be taken into consideration when planning the construction and placement of garden. The relief is subject to a general level the deviation by shifting soil, located on the site, or to sleep well from the stumps and boulders imported soil.

Vitaly Lviv word "surveying" is formed from the Greek word «ge» - land and «dazomai» - share, divide into parts. If you translate it literally, you get "zemlerazdelenie. This name is consistent with the content of Geodesy at the time of its conception and initial development. For example, in Egypt long before our era, we measured the size of land, built irrigation systems, all performed with the participation of Surveyors. With the development of human society, the increasing role of science and technology expand the content of Geodesy, is complicated by the challenges in front of her life. Currently, geodesy - the science of methods for determining the shape and size of the Earth's surface, and images on maps and plans, as well as how to carry out various measurements on the Earth's surface (land and water areas), underground, near the Earth and other planets . Prominent surveyor V. Witkowski, characterized this science: Surveying is one of the most useful branches of knowledge. All of our earthly existence is restricted to the Earth, and to study its form and dimensions of humanity is as necessary as an individual - to get acquainted with the details of their homes. " Benefits of Geodesy, are essential. The exact location of the elements in the plan. Opportunity to see a future plan of the garden on your computer, use the three-dimensional images of 3D-Max. Allows the design stage to select the future planning of the plot: rectangular, circular diagonal. Allows to take into account the rough surface area, hills, slopes. Surveying has been studying the Earth, in collaboration with other "Geoscience", that is, the earth sciences. The physical properties of Earth as a whole to study science, "Physics of the Earth, the structure of the upper shell of the planet studying geology and geophysics, structure and characteristics of the oceans and seas - hydrology, oceanography. Atmosphere - air environment of the Earth - and the processes occurring in it are the subject of meteorology and climatology. Flora studies geobotany, wildlife - zoology. In addition, there is geography, geomorphology, and others. Among all of Earth Sciences Geodesy takes its place: it is studying the geometry of the Earth as a whole and the individual sections of its surface, as well as the geometry of all objects (both natural and artificial) on the surface of the earth and its vicinity. Surveying, like other sciences, is constantly absorbing the achievements of mathematics, physics, astronomy, electronics, automation, and other basic and applied sciences. The invention of the laser led to the emergence of laser surveying instruments - laser levels and svetodalnomerov; code instrumentation with automatic fixing of samples could occur only at a certain level of development of microelectronics and automation. As for science, its achievements have caused a real revolution in geodesy, which is happening right before our eyes. . Among the many tasks of geodesy geodesy problems can be identified long-term goals and objectives for the coming years. For long-term task in front of this science include the definition of shapes, sizes, and earth's gravitational field, the spread of a common coordinate system on the territory of a separate state, continent and the whole earth as a whole, the image areas of the surface of the earth on topographic maps and plans, the study of global displacements of crustal blocks. The challenge for the near future, the specialists is the following: the creation and implementation of GIS - geographic information systems, creation of state and local inventory: land, water, forest, urban, etc. Also, topographic and geodetic support delimitation (definitions) and demarcation (designation) Russian state border, the development and implementation of standards in the field of digital mapping, digital and electronic maps and databases, concept development and national program of universal transition to satellite-based methods for autonomous positioning, the creation of a comprehensive national atlas of Russia and others. These tasks are recorded in the Decision of the Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia from 20 February 1995. Complication and the development of geodesy led to its division into several disciplines. Higher Geodesy studying the shape of the Earth, its size and gravitational field. Disseminates adopted coordinate systems within the state, continent or the whole surface of the Earth, has been researching ancient and contemporary crustal movements, as well as studying the shape, size, and the gravitational field of other planets in the solar system. Topography ("topos" - a place, "Count" - writing, word for word - the description of the area) is studying methods of surveying areas in order to image it on the plans and maps. Cartography studies the methods and processes to create and use maps, plans, atlases and other cartographic products. Photogrammetry (phototopography and aerofototopo graphy) explores methods of creating maps and plans for the photos and aerial photographs. Engineering surveying is studying ways and means of geodetic work in prospecting, designing, construction and operation of various engineering structures. Mine Surveying (underground surveying) explores methods of surveying in underground mines. It is clear that well-defined boundaries between these disciplines do not. Thus, the topography consists of elements of higher geodesy and cartography, engineering geodesy uses sections of almost all other geodetic disciplines, etc. Even from this incomplete list of geodetic disciplines see what a variety of tasks - and the theoretical and practical nature - you have to solve the surveyors to meet the demands of public and private institutions, companies and firms. For state planning and development of the productive forces of the country must learn its territory in place for. Topographic maps and plans created by surveyors, we need everyone who works or travels on the Earth: Geology, sailors, airmen, engineers, builders, farmers, foresters, tourists, students, etc. Especially needed maps of the army: the construction of fortifications, shooting at invisible targets, the use of missile technology, the planning of military operations - all without the maps and other geodetic materials is simply impossible. In recent years, the construction of the so called unique engineering structures required by surveying a sharp increase accuracy. For example, the installation of equipment powerful accelerators have to take into account the tenths and even hundredths of a millimeter. According to the results of geodetic measurements of strain and study the current draft of industrial equipment, detect movement of the earth's crust in seismically active areas, monitor water levels in rivers, seas and oceans, and groundwater levels. Surveying for the user Surveying the terrain is carried out in cases where the site has a complex topography and the perimeter of irregular shapes. On the territory is quite a lot of trees and shrubs and for designing drainage systems. In geodesy are used primarily linear and angular measurements. Such measurements are needed to determine the shape and size. Requirements for geodetic measurements have arisen in connection with the measurement of land and its division, the construction of buildings. Engineering and geodetic survey carried out for further construction and improvement of the object, the site area. For beautification and landscaping of grounds and landscape design must meet the following conditions. Horizontal and vertical geodetic network camera crew, land surveying, surveying of underground utilities and the property line. Binding structures and buildings and drawing on the results of leveling profiles available on-site railway tracks or roads and tracing of new roads. If the site is large, it should be divided into separate sectors. First and foremost, you need to shoot the area (horizontal). For horizontal surveying a profile of the area, while the vertical relief. Then make a plan built and unbuilt areas (in order to determine the location of landings and future buildings on the site). All measurements were performed in the area, plotted on a plan to scale 1:500. To create a plan using drawing paper or graph paper. Looking at the reduced scale, it becomes obvious that surveying is required on a fairly large plots for subsistence farming in 6 ares such a service would be redundant. The plan must be applied to only those elements (buildings, flower beds, trees), which will remain in the formation of a new garden. Despite the fact that all sites on the "one person" when you make a specialist - surveyor, each of them takes its shape - rectangular, diagonal or circular. Such diversity depends on the different ways of processing. The choice depends on the shape of the plot. It is impossible to say which of them is the most popular. Limitations in the size of plots is usually not possible to draw a little, and quite a large area. When the circular layout, you can use the effect of touching circles. When planning the small areas you can use rectangular motifs. Diagonal type of layout area is better to use in areas with a large garden with enough free space around the house (not less than 45 degrees). Better use of the option plan, which looks more natural. The use of circular motifs are suitable for areas of rectangular shape. Features are combinations of circles of various sizes, overlapping them with each other and the connections between them. First, determine the place where the community will be located. Then make a strict partitioning of their shape these communities. But this method is inconvenient fact that to maintain a strict outline of the circle for a long time is difficult. When using the method of diagonal motif, the inner space area visually expands. Elements of the garden must have the striping along the grid at an angle of 45 degrees to the wall. Rectangular motifs give the garden a classic look. These kind of planning can be used on long sections, to separate it into separate space (territory). "Precinct" problem hills and lowland areas are some problems in planning and in the future care of the garden. Depending on the angle of inclination of the surface and the configuration of a hill, you can use it as a winning feature of the garden. There can be no examples, because each case must be considered separately. Development of groundnut plot always begins with such time-consuming operations such as felling forests, uprooting stumps, cleaning stones and leveling the site. Despite the seeming simplicity of these works are very difficult and even dangerous. Tools Required: Axe, Saw Luchkova, hacksaw, saw two-handed or with chain saws. When choosing the direction of felling the tree should bear in mind that it is always inevitable deviations, depending on the characteristics of each tree and the natural environment. Wood is easier to blame in the direction of the greatest development of branches, the curvature or tilt, as well as in the direction of the smallest diameter, if the barrel has a flattened shape. When irregular topography plot line of rollers should be chosen so as to avoid times when crosscut. This can happen if the butt and the top will be above the middle of the barrel. In a strong wind better job does not hold. Preparing the tree for felling is cutting around the bush and utaptyvanii or clearing snow in the winter. Furthermore, it should provide the ability to quickly move away from a tree at the time of his fall. At the tree felling better and safer place to work together. Always begins with a pull up. Its purpose - to provide the required direction of felling and safety of workers. Pull up a tree is to notch the tree on the side where it should be dumped. Depth pull up from 1 / 4 to 1 / 3 the diameter of the tree. Pull up doing less, if a tree falls in the direction of a strong natural inclination or wind direction, and deeper, if a tree falls in the direction opposite to tilt. It is performed or an ax or a saw (the so-called "sawing slices"). After doing pull up starting to tree cutting. For security purposes, is unacceptable human presence (except sawyers) in a radius of 30 m. The Cutting perform Luchkova saw, nozhonkoy or two-handed saw. Cut will be easier when Saw wiped with kerosene. If the tree diameter greater than the width of the saw blade, after her burial should be in the propyl insert a wedge to avoid clamping. With a two-handed sawing sawyer each pylon attaches saw only one stroke - for themselves. " In the opposite direction pulls another sawyer, the first only holds a pen blade, without making any effort. Spilivanie stop short of some drunk to pull up to 20-30 mm, and remove the saw. Then make a hand pushing a tree, an ax or poles (six), resting her into a tree at a height of 3-4 m. Pre-warn others of carrying out dangerous operations. After felling the tree clear of branches and produce bucking and warehousing. It is not recommended to keep the timber business in the cortex of more than two weeks, while barking at the ends of logs are best left cortex. This will prevent logs from cracking. Work on the felling of trees to perform better in November and December, when the snow a little more, but the land is frozen. Particular attention should be paid to the garden, with a gradient starting from the house down. It should be noted that such a garden is much easier to draw than the one on which the house stands at the foot of the hill. In this case, the use of terraces, as in the first case is not appropriate. They should be replaced by large-sized (trees), and lawn lawn care in the Taiga. Taiga care will look better on a slope, because care for them will be easier than the lawn. But in general, each case is strictly individual, because must take into account the personal wishes of the customer. Uprooting stumps and cleaning the stones is best to begin in May, when the land is already thawed, but not yet dry. At this time, the roots of communication with the ground more relaxed, the turf has not yet fully grown, and your efforts will be more effective. Uprooting - one of the most labor-intensive operations while developing the site. The simplest solution - is to rent a tractor with a hung stubbing and get the job done in one day. With this solution you will save his strength, but will spend significant sums of money. Also, when pulling the machine heavily damaged the upper mold and subsequent years have to expend energy and funds for its restoration. Many prefer to use a variety of simple devices and physical labor, their family members and friends. This preserves the mold and the health of family members is significantly improved from moderate exercise. Mold is valuable because it is clean of viruses, bacteria and other diseases. Technology grubbing stumps is very simple. Stump dug on all sides, hem and sawed the roots, and then twist his arm or pull out, hooking the winch. Along with the grubbing of stumps, as a general rule, and cleaning up large stones. Stones are simply stored in one place and then used for the foundations of buildings, the device tracks, alpine gardens, retaining walls, etc. The large boulders that could not budge improvised means, can be destroyed if, for example, dilute around a fire, and then pour cold water. Uprooted stumps dried. They can to cut firewood, used for decorative crafts or take an off-site and burned. When uprooted stumps, removed stones and roots, on the site are visible all the features of relief and start to its layout and alignment. Before leveling the surface area necessary to determine the slope of terrain, the direction of flow and the maximum level of standing water table. The direction of the slope of the relief, if any, noticeable to the naked eye, but the direction of flow, and the level of standing groundwater can be determined by digging a hole "to the water." These two factors must be taken into consideration when planning the construction and placement of garden. The relief is subject to a general level the deviation by shifting soil, located on the site, or to sleep well from the stumps and boulders imported soil. It must be remembered that almost impossible to change the direction of the natural watercourse. Therefore it is better to place buildings and landing on a site without disturbing the watercourse. Groundwater level after mastering the whole territory of gardening is usually reduced by 10-30%, which has a positive effect on soil fertility. If the groundwater level is high, and bias on the site is small, it is advisable before beginning development on the perimeter to dig a ditch and make an artificial river in the direction of the natural slope. Typically, a host site during strenuous physical work is already planning options are added. It is only necessary every one of them to weigh carefully, discuss the PA family council, to consult with an experienced gardeners and analyze the recommended literature. For uprooting manually need the following tools: the lever from roundwood in length of 4-6 m and 10-12 cm, a shovel, an ax, a saw (handsaw), mechanical manual winch with a force of not less than 3 m, soft but strong rope which can withstand the load not less than 3 tons Layout area is one of the most important works, and before you start it directly on the ground, it is advisable to perform a few options on paper. The scale of the development project is better to take the larger ones (1: 100, 1:50), to be able to consider not only the location of buildings, sidewalks, and planting location of each tree, shrub, and, perhaps, of each plant. You can give some tips for avoiding major mistakes in planning and further eliminate or minimize rework and adjustment and thus save power and money: The site plan should clearly identify the following areas: recreation area, shopping zone, garden . In the recreation area (as an option) you can place garden house, playground, lawns, rockeries, flowerbeds, ornamental pond, a summer dining room, gazebo, mini-beach. In the economic zone can be located: outside shower, sauna or Russian bath, toilet, room for household equipment, room for fuel, room for domestic animal and poultry, cellar, summer kitchen, greenhouse, compost area, a platform for building materials, home fitter -Carpentry. In lawn and garden area is placed fruit trees, berry bushes, and beds for strawberry beds for vegetables and potatoes. When placing the vegetable crops is important that in future they can be rotated, which will reduce the risk of various diseases and allow for a long time to obtain high yields. Particularly careful to consider placing perennial plantations (fruit trees and bushes), as they do not tolerate transplanting. After a detailed plan to transfer it to the area. This will require the following tools: tape measure, sighting board, square and set Vieshenska. Transfer plan for the area should be produced with maximum precision. When you bind a plan for the area frequently to make any changes and improvements. After running the site layout can begin to implement the plan. Tools professional surveyor can use in their work the following tools: theodolite, level, total station. The former theodolites in the center azimuth circle on the tip of a needle placed a ruler, which could rotate freely at this point (like a compass needle) in the line outs were made and they stretched filaments, which play a role Sampling indices. Center azimuth circle placed on top of the measured angle and secure it was fixed. Turn the line, combine it with the first side of the corner and took the count N1 scale azimuth circle. Then combined the line with the second side of the corner and took the count N2. The difference between the readings of N2 and N1 is the value of the angle. The moving line called the alidade, and the azimuth circle called the limb. To combine line-alidade with sides of the angle used primitive Vizier. Modern theodolites, retaining the idea of ??measuring the angle of structurally very different from the old theodolites. Firstly, to reconcile with the parties to the angle of the alidade used telescopes, which can be rotated for height and azimuth, and secondly, to count on the scale of the limb is the reference device in the third, the whole construction theodolite closed rugged metal casing, etc. . For a smooth rotation of the alidade and the limb has a system of axes and rotation are governed by themselves and suggestive clamping screws. To set the theodolite on the ground applies a special tripod, and the combination of the center of the dial with a vertical line through the top of the measured angle, by means of fiber optical plummet or a plumb line. Side of the measured angle projected onto the plane limb moving the vertical plane, which is called collimation plane. Collimation plane is defined by the sight axis of the telescope by rotating the pipe around its axis. Sighting axis of the pipe (or sight-line) - an imaginary line passing through the reticle center and optical center of the lens tube. According to GOST 10528 - 76 in our country are produced Levels of three types: high-precision measurements with an error not exceeding more than 0.5 mm in the 1 km course, with the precise measurement error exceeding 3 mm per 1 km of the course and technical measurement error exceed 10 mm per 1 km of the . Levels of all types can be produced either with the level in the tube, or with the slope compensator sight line of the pipe. In the presence of the compensator in the cipher leveling added the letter K, for example, H-3K. In leveling the H-3 and H-10 may be a horizontal limb, in this case, the cipher leveling added the letter A, for example, H-10L. Telescope and the level at it are important parts of leveling. Tilting screw is used to bring the sight line of the pipe in a horizontal position. With his help raise or lower the eyepiece end of the tube, with a bubble level moves and when it will be exactly in the zero-point, sight-line must be installed horizontally. Cylindrical level usually pin; image contacts the bubble passed the system of prisms in the field of view of the pipe, which is very convenient, as the observer sees at once, and rail, and level. For leveling with the level in the tunnel following three verification. The axis of the plate level and sight-line tube should be parallel and lie in parallel vertical planes - this condition is called the main condition for leveling with the level in the tube. The first part of the main conditions is verified by double leveling forward. On the ground scoring two pegs at about 50 m from one another. Level set above the point A so that the eyepiece tube is located on one vertical line with a point. From a peg to the center of the eyepiece measuring instrument height i1. Then put the rail in point B, and suggest the leveling her pipe, lead level bubble in zero-point and take a reading of the rail b1. Then level and rail interchange, measure the height of instrument i2, lead level bubble in zero-point and take a reading of the rail b2. Suppose that the main condition for leveling is not performed, and the situation of the bubble level nulpunkte sight-line is not parallel, but is level with the axis of an angle i. Then instead of the correct reference b0 1 is obtained erroneous - b1. Error count is denoted x, and the excess of point B relative to point A is equal to: Axis of circular installation level must be parallel to the axis of rotation disappears. Lead round bubble level in the zero point, then turn level for azimuth 180o. If the bubble has deviated from the zero point, then half of the rejection of his move with leveling screws and a half - corrective screws circular level. There is another, more reliable way of checking the circular level: first, carefully set the rotation axis leveling in the aplomb with tilting screw and the plate level in the tube, then corrective screws circular level lead to a bubble in zero-point. Horizontal thread reticle should be perpendicular to the axis of rotation levels, ie be horizontal. Rail put in 30 - 40 m from the leveling and fix it so that it is not swayed. Then take readings on rail at three positions of its image: in the center of the visual field, left center and right. If the readings differ from one another by more than 1 mm, the mesh of threads you want to deploy. Assuming that the reticle is strictly perpendicular, you can check the verticality of the vertical threads. To this end, 20 m from the leveling plumb bob is hung, suggest to him a pipe and matches the vertical threads of the grid with a string plumb. The most important leveling characteristics that determine the accuracy of elevations are the increase of the telescope and the price level in the division of the cylindrical tube. According to these characteristics determine the suitability level for execution of works specified accuracy. To obtain numerical values ??of the pipe and increase the price of division level, perform the appropriate level of research. Station - the geodesic instrument used in tacheometry to measure distances, horizontal and vertical angles. On the basis of these data determined the excess, horizontal distance and the coordinates of measured points. Field Station - the most versatile and intelligent geodetic instruments. Built-in microprocessor allows the total station to decide a wide range of problems: direct and inverse geodetic problem, the calculation of the area, the calculation serif tacheometry and stakeout, measured relative to the baseline and the definition of reach distances and heights. The data obtained are stored in the product and can be transferred to your computer. Manage the product, thanks to the LCD screen and keyboard, no harder than any other surveying instruments. The volume of work that can be made using the total station will be a lot more. Total stations have electronic tracking system behind the vertical device (electronic levels and the compensator), a laser rangefinder, which, in addition to measurements with a reflector, often also equipped with reflectionless regime of measuring distances (Station allows measurements to be made directly to the surface of the object), memory, which stores all the measurements and calculations performed by the product, the accounting system of collimation and refraction, which gives the opportunity to work with the product, only for one lap, more sophisticated models of total stations are equipped with servo motors and the ability to automatically capture and tracking of the reflector. This produces a total station measurements in robotic mode, with minimal involvement of the observer.