Mikhail Skvortsov continue our difficult path phased construction of a country house. Finally we got to the walls and ceilings, or, as the builders, load-bearing structures of the wall and ceiling mounting - troublesome, will agree with everyone. The walls generally are the foundation of the house, his main typological feature - without them, after all, and not put a roof, doors and windows with no put. However, with the bay-floundering, having only prepared the foundation for the erection of walls no one can. Requires a preparatory cycle - so that the erection of supporting structures was clearly and without delay. First, you need to prepare myself a wall material. Now raised from a variety of materials: in the course are, and brick, and concrete, and laminated veneer lumber, and round logs, etc. Clearly, methods of transporting materials a lot, but there is one general requirement: any wall material should be as protected from weather impacts. This is especially true of wooden building materials, since the fed water logs or timber may be at best a slight change in geometry construction, and at worst - to put it in disrepair. For storage of wooden building materials are often erected special stores or shelters from the rain, in the extreme case of roofing material or covered with cellophane. Required to protect and cellular concrete - some of them quickly absorb moisture and become unsuitable for construction. Even bricks and concrete blocks can not be left outdoors. Panel, of which erected panel frame houses, usually delivered from the factory and mounted directly to the wheels, not zalezhivayas on site. However, to the point of the external finishes - special lining material, contact with atmospheric moisture is also desirable to minimize, and because the panel met at the factory with a protective film. It is clear that the collection of materials for wooden houses will differ, for example, from the kit for monolithic concrete. Therefore the list without concrete technology is something that can be used at the construction site. This metallic design, floor elements, waterproofing and heat insulation materials, fire-retardant and preservative impregnated, ready balconies (if any), timber formwork, as well as materials for the erection of scaffolding. And of course, should ensure that those who would erect the walls, a suitable tool. Here and metal bath to concrete solution, and the tools or carpenters, masons and ladders, and various machinery. As a rule, heavy machinery on construction sites suburban urgent of all mobile crane. Now almost never build one-story house, at a minimum project involves a residential loft and, hence, on the second floor is required to raise the set does not light material. This may also be used winches or construction elevators. When these different carrier materials and tools brought to the site, a special team of masons, carpenters or plumbers finished designs may already be taken for the erection of walls and ceilings. Well, if you will go to upscale professionals who will faithfully observe the regulations. And if not? In this case you should have on hand SNIP 3.03.01-87 "bearing and enclosing structures. Memorize this lengthy document is not worth it, but in the event of some contentious issues, you can always access it. Find this standard may be at the construction sites on the Internet. Otherwise interfere with the work of specialists is not worth it. That is not necessary to stand over their soul, it is enough from time to time monitor the process, armed with a minimum of pre-construction of knowledge. If a building stone, its carrying frame will include, first, masonry walls, solid concrete or large-sized elements, and secondly, the overlap. Masonry can be made of various elements, primarily from single brick. Also use large-size ceramic blocks, hollow concrete blocks, the elements of cellular concrete and natural stone (limestone, sandstone, coquina, tuff, etc.). Elements of such a wall is placed in horizontal rows on a solution to the ligation, ie, offset vertical joints. Seams filled with lime, cement or a mixed solution. Elements of the frame buildings with load-bearing brick external walls are the separate pillars: the brick or reinforced concrete columns, steel columns. For large loads are applied concrete columns, which together with horizontal beams (scan) form various circuits frames. Flat ceilings are both enclosing and bearing elements. They are, besides its own weight, perceive the payload - the weight of people, furnishings and equipment rooms, - passing it on a wall or some support. Overlaps should be sturdy, rigid, fireproof, durable, sound-and heat-insulating, waterproof. In low-rise buildings suit reinforced concrete floors on wooden or steel girders, as well as armosilikatnye and ceramic. Carrying a skeleton of wooden houses can be built of logs, lumber, with a skeleton of boards or panels. Traditional style house in Russia - the log cabin, built of logs. Constructive basis for a log home - the walls of horizontally stacked logs with diameter 180-260 mm of the corners vrubkami. Each such number is called the crown, with vrubki do either with the remainder (in oblo), or without the rest (in the leg). These houses are built so far, the principal innovation of one thing - the use of logs. A log of this type are more convenient to use because of its cross section consistently over the entire length, whereas the conventional planing is a truncated cone. However, in recent years increasingly are building wooden houses of other types, in particular bearing the skeleton of the various types of timber (shaped, glued, etc.). In this case, general methods of construction bruschatyh homes are the same as the log. Bruschatye walls collected from the beam cross section of 150 x 150 or 180 x 180 mm, crowns connect pins. Overlap is placed on the wooden beams of the cranial bars; support beams on the walls provide vrubkoy. The walls of frame buildings consist of rectangular pillars, the upper and lower studs and horizontal window and door bolts. In the corners of buildings make bracing stiffness, floor beams rest on the top stud. At the two-story house after fastening on the beams set frame of the second floor. As the insulation of external walls, which is placed between the uprights frame, commonly used mineral wool mats, porous fiberboard or slabs of foam plastics. From inside the cage is placed in the form of vapor barrier layer of rolled material, set on top of gypsum board sheets or clapboard. On the outside of the frame arrange windproof layer, then make the lining, for example, from the lining. It is worth mentioning also shield wooden houses. The market offers mostly one-story prefabricated buildings of prefabricated wall frame and frameless shields of various types. Shields may be deaf or window and door openings, and serve both external and internal walls. Since the size of the majority of plate and sheet insulation and cladding materials is a multiple of 600 mm, it also affects the size of billboards. Width of the wall of shields, typically amounts to 1200 mm in height they are doing on the floor. Wall panels mounted on the waist, fastened on the belt base. With regard to panel-frame houses, which are produced in the factory, the panel in this case are, and protecting and supporting structure. Sandwich panels are made on a wooden frame-frame of laminated veneer lumber, covered with outer and inner side plates. Such a panel might well take a load of truss construction and roofing. Combined option for simplicity, as well as reduce the cost of the construction process, as a rule, use any one wall material. However, in some cases, you may apply a combination of materials - for example, supporting structures are constructed from wood and stone. This combination, I must say, a hundred years for lunch, because that is built well-known alpine chalet. Were combined and often in the construction of half-timbered houses in Europe, first by creating a wooden frame, and then laying the emptiness stonework. Survived such methods of construction and in our time, as evidenced by - combined buildings in the suburbs. In this case, it should be conducted not only on the preservation of this building technique, but also about its development. Improve the old technology was largely due to new building materials. If before the first floors were built of natural stone or brick, it now appears cellular concrete, particularly concrete blocks and aerated concrete. This is a very strong materials that could easily bear the greater burden, but in thermo-technical parameters closer to the wooden structures. Because, like wood, cellular concrete "breathe" by providing an exchange of air and moisture to the environment, it improves the living conditions in such a house compared with a brick. Before the wooden house advantage of combined - increased fire safety. Since the stone construction is less susceptible to burning at the bottom of the home place a garage, workshop, bath, sauna, boiler room, living room with fireplace, etc. The upper part made of round logs, plain or laminated veneer lumber or frame structures with wall panels home, is well suited for bedrooms and office. Yet the demand for the combined suburban buildings are low, but interest in them is noticeably increasing. In conclusion, we say that with any version of the supporting structures is most important to ensure proper quality. And not only in respect of mechanical strength. Very carefully and skillfully to profit made by heat and moisture, professionally installed metal structures. And if built "box" remains in the winter without closing the loop, you need to ensure a normal winter - so again in the spring did not have to carry out the same work.
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