BM Trusov ice - is a complex natural phenomenon, quite widespread in Russia. In winter, almost immediately after the first frost numerous streams and keys, running along the slopes of valleys and gully, and having, as a rule, northern exposure, begin to freeze and form ice dams - at first unobtrusive and almost harassing the builders, but gradually growing, acquiring an impressive size and having significant volumes of ice-postponed. Frazil seriously hamper the work, providing a variety of effects on built or operated facilities, especially railways, roads, culverts and small bridges. Factors naledeobrazovaniya, regardless of their appearance and character of their effects can be divided into natural (natural) and artificial (co-) caused a useful human activity. Currently, there are so many different means protivonalednoy struggle. By the nature of all of its funds are divided into passive, debilitating effects of ICE MOUND, but had no effect on the factors naledeobrazovaniya, and active - liquidating naledeobrazovatelnye processes or eliminating the effects of icing on structures. By passive protivonalednym devices include permanent and temporary plank fences and sleeper, seasonal frost zone, snow rollers, heating of permanent watercourses, water heater ICE MOUND, mechanized and manual loosening and chipping ice and ICE MOUND pass water through the railway line to exempt from the ballast sleeper boxes or on ice ditches under bridge spans and culverts. Despite the considerable cost, passive ways of dealing with ice dams usually do not give the desired result, without providing the security of the railroad. Protective measures protivonalednye Protectors protivonalednoy control differ for seasonal and permanent. For seasonal protection measures include: the device of seasonal rounds for pritrassovyh roads and winter; device decking on ice covering the roadway pritrassovyh highways; ICE MOUND filling seats on the temporary roads of gravel and rocky soil, drainage ditches but ICE MOUND water in the ice and pass them through the sleeper boxes of railway and roadway pritrassovyh highways; Dig and remove ice from the holes ICE MOUND culverts and ditches by hand and mechanized way, using bulldozers and rippers, cutting ICE MOUND ice mechanical saws and bars mechanisms; blasting ICE MOUND ice and melting it. For a permanent protective measures include: raising eyebrows mark the height of roadbed, which excludes the impact of ICE MOUND, even in the most severe winters, the broadening of the grooves on the ICE MOUND sites to accommodate them bandstop protnvonalednyh units of temporary and permanent type, the transfer of certain road sections with a device constantly bypassing; construction of additional culverts, replacing culverts and small bridges in the pile-Elevated bridges, replacement of some culverts na filter slots, replacing culverts and small bridges for special protivonalednye culverts with the necessary openings for free passage of ice accumulation, installation of the carriageway drainage curbs, and water-absorbing devices. Permanent protective measures, despite the rather large capital costs, can fully eliminate the ICE MOUND impact on road construction or to reduce it to the allowable minimum, which manifests itself only in the individual, the most severe winters. Sometimes this effect can be ensured that the recess in the embankment. Drainage curbs, and water-absorbing device can in some cases to successfully implement protivonalednuyu struggle. Drainage curbs are a unique modular trays of reinforced concrete, with water intake openings, which can not only absorb but also take ICE MOUND water. Some versions of these devices have a hinged cover and heating elements, being both a means snegoborby.Naibolee advisable to use these devices in populated areas or on mountain roads with the required slopes. Water-absorbing devices are intended primarily to protect against ice accumulation occurring during the melting of snow (runoff), on large areas with asphalt or concrete surface. Perform them in a block of filter frost resistance of concrete or plastbetona. If necessary, they may have a removable top block filter, which is placed under a heating element that ensures the successful operation of this device in the most extreme climatic conditions. Special protivonaledno-culverts to special culverts designed for both beznalednogo at all times and periodically the existing watercourses include special pile-tunnel culverts, bridges protivonalednye-pipes, Plumbing Infrastructure Elevated trough bridges with spans, Elevated bridges with underground water-bearing channels and culverts . Pile-tunnel culverts are designed, at the bottom of the embankment subgrade in the form of a tunnel cavity or slit the required thickness, formed by rows of piles of plates, nozzles and fence walls, plates, serving for a smooth crossing of the watercourse with permanent frost. The use of these facilities as protivonalednogo funds based on the minimal disruption to local engineering, geological, hydrological and hydrogeological conditions, which are normally powerful factors naledeobrazovaniya. Protivonalednye bridges, pipes, as the previous design, minimally violate the natural conditions and are their counterparts. They consist of piles, tips, slabs, wall panels and the chute with a heater element. Elevated Plumbing Infrastructure bridges with spans trough are recommended as effective protivonaledno, culverts, retaining all the advantages of light pile-trestle bridges and eliminate the substantial disadvantage - vypuchivaemost light poles. The design of such bridges Charging a trough span of the precast elements are installed through the nozzle on the support of the pile-shells. Trough superstructure consists of slabs with the edges of vertical walls forming a tray strewn with rock or draining soil, which is placed on top of the upper structure of railway track or arrange carriageway road. In order to avoid the rash of soil embankment into the channel of a watercourse on the outside of the pile bearing slab fence installed, which have input and output of the channel is bred in part by eliminating the cones of the mound. If necessary, the design of such structures can be a multiple-span. Elevated bridges trough spans an effective security protivonalednymi means to Run-of River ice pass through them. Elevated bridges with underground water-bearing channels are almost conventional design of bridges, the main feature is the presence of a paving bed of special water-bearing channel, which is used to pass as podruslovyh and channel flow without freezing, and, therefore, to ice accumulation (Fig. 6) . As the channels can be used longitudinal trench, covered krupnoglybovym rocky soil and reinforced concrete pipes of large diameters. You can also use the remains of felled prismatic piles that remain after the construction of trestle bridges, for a device underground walk-through trays with insulation, which must begin and end with stone masonry or heating filter backfilling of rock in the form of original input and exhaust tip above and below the bridge . Drainage devices and structures in accordance with the terminology used all drainage devices and structures used as a means protivonalednoy struggle, is divided into drainage and kaptazhnye. To drain protivonalednym devices is an open drain in the form of drainage ditches and gutters, and closed drainage pregraditeli with waterproof screens and perforated pipe with filling filters with trubofiltrami of seepage of concrete from the drain-screen filtration plates from the concrete, prefabricated sheet drain elements of the seepage of concrete prefabricated elements display electroosmotic cryogenic design. Open drain in the form of drainage ditches and chutes are recommended for heavily overgrown with vegetation of the taiga sides of the river valleys and mountain slopes to the presence of marsh terraces, underlain deluvial eluvial deposits. As a rule, the struggle with ice is very difficult, as even well-executed protivonalednye drains closed can not always absorb all the horizons of groundwater or to arrange a few layers, while the open ditch and pans easily cope with this task. In addition, open drains are particularly effective in conditions of mixed feeding icing surface and groundwater, then touching the surface of the block-alluvial deposits of the slopes, then re-absorbed by them. For the successful application of such funds protivonalednoy struggle can also recommend the use of hillside areas in the precast concrete trough elements in the form of semirings with hinged cover with layers of effective insulation, such as foam plastic. Closed drainage with waterproof screens traditionally used to combat frost groundwater. They represent a perforated ceramic, asbestos cement pipe or plywood with a layer of filter and drainage backfill, are laid in a trench depth of 2 - 4 pm The main feature of these catchments is the presence of the protected buildings watertight barrier of clay, or crumpled pile plank boards with pasted on their coats waterproofing of the roofing material or burlap on the asphalt mastic. Qualitative device is properly projected protivonalednyh drainage facilities such construction is almost completely guarantee the elimination of ICE MOUND education, but it requires manual labor. In addition, in difficult soil conditions, when necessary for a wall mount trenches, ensure quality work is difficult, and the delivery of the draining soil, perforated pipe and other materials on kosogornye sites requires prior arrangement of temporary access roads, implementation of which in itself can cause the emergence of new icings. Despite the greater complexity of devices such drainage facilities and high cost, their durability in areas of permafrost is small. Closed drainage pipes made of concrete seepage (trubofiltrami) are durable and reliable design that does not require retention walls and trenches to completely mechanize the work through the use of special drenazherov-handlers. Closed drainage of the seepage of concrete slabs screen allow you to completely mechanize the work on the drainage device, including drainage pregraditeley, main feature is the presence of prefabricated sections of the waterproof screen by enclosing structures. When the device such protivonalednyh structures can be successfully used light bars and drainage construction machines EV Shushakova by which not only digging a trench depth of 5 meters and a width of up to 0,5 m in frozen ground on kosogornyh sites, but also set them Drainage Section. Closed drainage of the prefabricated pile elements developed recently and is not widely used, but in certain ground conditions, they can give a big economic effect due to the exclusion of land and complete mechanization of other work but their device. Given that the device protivonalednyh drainage-sheet structures associated with the need for special arrangements - vibrators, power plants, cranes - prefabricated recommended Groovy drainages primarily for new construction. Closed drainage, based on new principles and technical melioration soils constitute the industrial design of precast drainage systems that use other than the gravitational movement of water in soils, and other methods of drying: vacuum, capillary, electroosmotic, cryogenic, etc. Private electroosmotic drainage design is based on the principle of water movement from positive to negative electrode and is recommended for fine soils, in which almost all the water is physically bound form, is not subject to gravitational forces and flows away in drains than in the ground and explains the observed low efficiency of conventional drainage devices. In the case of electroosmotic drainage situation changes dramatically - a special pulsed electric current voltage of a few volts, obtained from the battery or through a step-down transformer and the transformer from the lighting or power line, converts physically bound water in gravity, which begins to flow into the drainage elements and assigned outside of enclosing the site. Positive electrode is a bare steel wire, to prevent corrosion of the graphite covered with grease, which is laid, and l the depth of 0,5-0,8 m above the drained site, and the negative - reinforcement of prefabricated drainage elements performed in blocks, slabs or long items. Closed drainage cryogenic design parameters based principle movement of groundwater toward the freezing front and is recommended for areas with the spread of finely-dispersed soils. It consists of blocks, made of thick frost-resistant concrete with filter inserts (from frost-resistant concrete or plastobetona), at the bottom of which there are drain channel in the form of concrete tray with slits in the walls. In addition, a two-tiered design of cryogenic drainage, the upper part of which acts as a cryogenic (in winter), and the lower part - alternately (as cryogenics - in the winter and as usual gravitational - in the summer). The basic principle of such drainage is that with the onset of sustained reduction in air temperature during the winter begins rapid freezing of the ground, accompanied by the phenomenon of migration of water contained therein, to the freezing front. By kaptazhno and Drainage protivonalednym devices include kaptazhnye protivonalednye device stratum-sloping kaptazhnye Charging device type or precast slabs of concrete seepage. Kaptazhnye protivonalednye devices are a very effective tool protnvonalednoy struggle. Common feature of various designs for these devices is the presence on the path of groundwater feeding the ice, kaptazhnoy wall of stone, brick laying on the backfilling of moss or gravel with large boulder. Well proven V-shaped (in plan) kaptazhnaya wall, arranged in broad trenches, off in the ground, with layers of vertical or inclined filter from the flow of underground water and water-resistant screen of the building. Drained groundwater podruslovyh alluvial sediments are easily transported outside the enclosing part of the railway on the water bypass the collector to be placed under the roadbed, or flows into the hole itself culvert if the slope of terrain allows it. Stratum-sloping kaptazhnye devices from prefabricated slabs are a filter layer of sand and gravel mixture, sprinkle on the planned surface slope excavation of subgrade with numerous outlets scattered horizons of groundwater, which is placed prefabricated slabs of concrete seepage.
BM Trusov ice - is a complex natural phenomenon, quite widespread in Russia. In winter, almost immediately after the first frost numerous streams and keys, running along the slopes of valleys and gully, and having, as a rule, northern exposure, begin to freeze and form ice dams - at first unobtrusive and almost harassing the builders, but gradually growing, acquiring an impressive size and having significant volumes of ice-postponed. Frazil seriously hamper the work, providing a variety of effects on built or operated facilities, especially railways, roads, culverts and small bridges. Factors naledeobrazovaniya, regardless of their appearance and character of their effects can be divided into natural (natural) and artificial (co-) caused a useful human activity. Currently, there are so many different means protivonalednoy struggle. By the nature of all of its funds are divided into passive, debilitating effects of ICE MOUND, but had no effect on the factors naledeobrazovaniya, and active - liquidating naledeobrazovatelnye processes or eliminating the effects of icing on structures. By passive protivonalednym devices include permanent and temporary plank fences and sleeper, seasonal frost zone, snow rollers, heating of permanent watercourses, water heater ICE MOUND, mechanized and manual loosening and chipping ice and ICE MOUND pass water through the railway line to exempt from the ballast sleeper boxes or on ice ditches under bridge spans and culverts. Despite the considerable cost, passive ways of dealing with ice dams usually do not give the desired result, without providing the security of the railroad. Protective measures protivonalednye Protectors protivonalednoy control differ for seasonal and permanent. For seasonal protection measures include: the device of seasonal rounds for pritrassovyh roads and winter; device decking on ice covering the roadway pritrassovyh highways; ICE MOUND filling seats on the temporary roads of gravel and rocky soil, drainage ditches but ICE MOUND water in the ice and pass them through the sleeper boxes of railway and roadway pritrassovyh highways; Dig and remove ice from the holes ICE MOUND culverts and ditches by hand and mechanized way, using bulldozers and rippers, cutting ICE MOUND ice mechanical saws and bars mechanisms; blasting ICE MOUND ice and melting it. For a permanent protective measures include: raising eyebrows mark the height of roadbed, which excludes the impact of ICE MOUND, even in the most severe winters, the broadening of the grooves on the ICE MOUND sites to accommodate them bandstop protnvonalednyh units of temporary and permanent type, the transfer of certain road sections with a device constantly bypassing; construction of additional culverts, replacing culverts and small bridges in the pile-Elevated bridges, replacement of some culverts na filter slots, replacing culverts and small bridges for special protivonalednye culverts with the necessary openings for free passage of ice accumulation, installation of the carriageway drainage curbs, and water-absorbing devices. Permanent protective measures, despite the rather large capital costs, can fully eliminate the ICE MOUND impact on road construction or to reduce it to the allowable minimum, which manifests itself only in the individual, the most severe winters. Sometimes this effect can be ensured that the recess in the embankment. Drainage curbs, and water-absorbing device can in some cases to successfully implement protivonalednuyu struggle. Drainage curbs are a unique modular trays of reinforced concrete, with water intake openings, which can not only absorb but also take ICE MOUND water. Some versions of these devices have a hinged cover and heating elements, being both a means snegoborby.Naibolee advisable to use these devices in populated areas or on mountain roads with the required slopes. Water-absorbing devices are intended primarily to protect against ice accumulation occurring during the melting of snow (runoff), on large areas with asphalt or concrete surface. Perform them in a block of filter frost resistance of concrete or plastbetona. If necessary, they may have a removable top block filter, which is placed under a heating element that ensures the successful operation of this device in the most extreme climatic conditions. Special protivonaledno-culverts to special culverts designed for both beznalednogo at all times and periodically the existing watercourses include special pile-tunnel culverts, bridges protivonalednye-pipes, Plumbing Infrastructure Elevated trough bridges with spans, Elevated bridges with underground water-bearing channels and culverts . Pile-tunnel culverts are designed, at the bottom of the embankment subgrade in the form of a tunnel cavity or slit the required thickness, formed by rows of piles of plates, nozzles and fence walls, plates, serving for a smooth crossing of the watercourse with permanent frost. The use of these facilities as protivonalednogo funds based on the minimal disruption to local engineering, geological, hydrological and hydrogeological conditions, which are normally powerful factors naledeobrazovaniya. Protivonalednye bridges, pipes, as the previous design, minimally violate the natural conditions and are their counterparts. They consist of piles, tips, slabs, wall panels and the chute with a heater element. Elevated Plumbing Infrastructure bridges with spans trough are recommended as effective protivonaledno, culverts, retaining all the advantages of light pile-trestle bridges and eliminate the substantial disadvantage - vypuchivaemost light poles. The design of such bridges Charging a trough span of the precast elements are installed through the nozzle on the support of the pile-shells. Trough superstructure consists of slabs with the edges of vertical walls forming a tray strewn with rock or draining soil, which is placed on top of the upper structure of railway track or arrange carriageway road. In order to avoid the rash of soil embankment into the channel of a watercourse on the outside of the pile bearing slab fence installed, which have input and output of the channel is bred in part by eliminating the cones of the mound. If necessary, the design of such structures can be a multiple-span. Elevated bridges trough spans an effective security protivonalednymi means to Run-of River ice pass through them. Elevated bridges with underground water-bearing channels are almost conventional design of bridges, the main feature is the presence of a paving bed of special water-bearing channel, which is used to pass as podruslovyh and channel flow without freezing, and, therefore, to ice accumulation (Fig. 6) . As the channels can be used longitudinal trench, covered krupnoglybovym rocky soil and reinforced concrete pipes of large diameters. You can also use the remains of felled prismatic piles that remain after the construction of trestle bridges, for a device underground walk-through trays with insulation, which must begin and end with stone masonry or heating filter backfilling of rock in the form of original input and exhaust tip above and below the bridge . Drainage devices and structures in accordance with the terminology used all drainage devices and structures used as a means protivonalednoy struggle, is divided into drainage and kaptazhnye. To drain protivonalednym devices is an open drain in the form of drainage ditches and gutters, and closed drainage pregraditeli with waterproof screens and perforated pipe with filling filters with trubofiltrami of seepage of concrete from the drain-screen filtration plates from the concrete, prefabricated sheet drain elements of the seepage of concrete prefabricated elements display electroosmotic cryogenic design. Open drain in the form of drainage ditches and chutes are recommended for heavily overgrown with vegetation of the taiga sides of the river valleys and mountain slopes to the presence of marsh terraces, underlain deluvial eluvial deposits. As a rule, the struggle with ice is very difficult, as even well-executed protivonalednye drains closed can not always absorb all the horizons of groundwater or to arrange a few layers, while the open ditch and pans easily cope with this task. In addition, open drains are particularly effective in conditions of mixed feeding icing surface and groundwater, then touching the surface of the block-alluvial deposits of the slopes, then re-absorbed by them. For the successful application of such funds protivonalednoy struggle can also recommend the use of hillside areas in the precast concrete trough elements in the form of semirings with hinged cover with layers of effective insulation, such as foam plastic. Closed drainage with waterproof screens traditionally used to combat frost groundwater. They represent a perforated ceramic, asbestos cement pipe or plywood with a layer of filter and drainage backfill, are laid in a trench depth of 2 - 4 pm The main feature of these catchments is the presence of the protected buildings watertight barrier of clay, or crumpled pile plank boards with pasted on their coats waterproofing of the roofing material or burlap on the asphalt mastic. Qualitative device is properly projected protivonalednyh drainage facilities such construction is almost completely guarantee the elimination of ICE MOUND education, but it requires manual labor. In addition, in difficult soil conditions, when necessary for a wall mount trenches, ensure quality work is difficult, and the delivery of the draining soil, perforated pipe and other materials on kosogornye sites requires prior arrangement of temporary access roads, implementation of which in itself can cause the emergence of new icings. Despite the greater complexity of devices such drainage facilities and high cost, their durability in areas of permafrost is small. Closed drainage pipes made of concrete seepage (trubofiltrami) are durable and reliable design that does not require retention walls and trenches to completely mechanize the work through the use of special drenazherov-handlers. Closed drainage of the seepage of concrete slabs screen allow you to completely mechanize the work on the drainage device, including drainage pregraditeley, main feature is the presence of prefabricated sections of the waterproof screen by enclosing structures. When the device such protivonalednyh structures can be successfully used light bars and drainage construction machines EV Shushakova by which not only digging a trench depth of 5 meters and a width of up to 0,5 m in frozen ground on kosogornyh sites, but also set them Drainage Section. Closed drainage of the prefabricated pile elements developed recently and is not widely used, but in certain ground conditions, they can give a big economic effect due to the exclusion of land and complete mechanization of other work but their device. Given that the device protivonalednyh drainage-sheet structures associated with the need for special arrangements - vibrators, power plants, cranes - prefabricated recommended Groovy drainages primarily for new construction. Closed drainage, based on new principles and technical melioration soils constitute the industrial design of precast drainage systems that use other than the gravitational movement of water in soils, and other methods of drying: vacuum, capillary, electroosmotic, cryogenic, etc. Private electroosmotic drainage design is based on the principle of water movement from positive to negative electrode and is recommended for fine soils, in which almost all the water is physically bound form, is not subject to gravitational forces and flows away in drains than in the ground and explains the observed low efficiency of conventional drainage devices. In the case of electroosmotic drainage situation changes dramatically - a special pulsed electric current voltage of a few volts, obtained from the battery or through a step-down transformer and the transformer from the lighting or power line, converts physically bound water in gravity, which begins to flow into the drainage elements and assigned outside of enclosing the site. Positive electrode is a bare steel wire, to prevent corrosion of the graphite covered with grease, which is laid, and l the depth of 0,5-0,8 m above the drained site, and the negative - reinforcement of prefabricated drainage elements performed in blocks, slabs or long items. Closed drainage cryogenic design parameters based principle movement of groundwater toward the freezing front and is recommended for areas with the spread of finely-dispersed soils. It consists of blocks, made of thick frost-resistant concrete with filter inserts (from frost-resistant concrete or plastobetona), at the bottom of which there are drain channel in the form of concrete tray with slits in the walls. In addition, a two-tiered design of cryogenic drainage, the upper part of which acts as a cryogenic (in winter), and the lower part - alternately (as cryogenics - in the winter and as usual gravitational - in the summer). The basic principle of such drainage is that with the onset of sustained reduction in air temperature during the winter begins rapid freezing of the ground, accompanied by the phenomenon of migration of water contained therein, to the freezing front. By kaptazhno and Drainage protivonalednym devices include kaptazhnye protivonalednye device stratum-sloping kaptazhnye Charging device type or precast slabs of concrete seepage. Kaptazhnye protivonalednye devices are a very effective tool protnvonalednoy struggle. Common feature of various designs for these devices is the presence on the path of groundwater feeding the ice, kaptazhnoy wall of stone, brick laying on the backfilling of moss or gravel with large boulder. Well proven V-shaped (in plan) kaptazhnaya wall, arranged in broad trenches, off in the ground, with layers of vertical or inclined filter from the flow of underground water and water-resistant screen of the building. Drained groundwater podruslovyh alluvial sediments are easily transported outside the enclosing part of the railway on the water bypass the collector to be placed under the roadbed, or flows into the hole itself culvert if the slope of terrain allows it. Stratum-sloping kaptazhnye devices from prefabricated slabs are a filter layer of sand and gravel mixture, sprinkle on the planned surface slope excavation of subgrade with numerous outlets scattered horizons of groundwater, which is placed prefabricated slabs of concrete seepage. At the bottom of the slope arrange drainage ditch, which is laid lengthy drainage elements, taking groundwater and discharge them outside of enclosing the site. Regulatory activities protivonalednye Such regulatory protivonalednym activities include: deepening and straightening of river channels, the device is the rock-earth dam to create a backwater for the elimination of shoals and shallows concentration of water flow restriction channels, the device of drainage channels and gutters, construction of artificial podruslovyh channels for passage of concentrated groundwater waters of the alluvial deposits. All of these activities, except the last, simple but protivonaledny effect of them can be quite high. Therefore, the construction and operation of roads in the north, they should be universally applied to eliminate or significantly reduce the channel-icing. With regard to the device podruslovyh channels for passage of the concentrated underground (ground) water in the alluvial deposits, discussed above, the application should be expanded due to a very high efficiency and low cost "measures and facilities, causing the melting of ice and water heating ICE MOUND irotivonalednye Such events may be as seasonal and permanent type. By the events of the season include the type of salinity ICE MOUND ice, melting ice of electric heating elements and heating cables from the electricity generator, steam needles from mobile portable engine, burning liquid and solid fuels in open metal containers, special ldotayuschimi aggregates. Salinization ICE MOUND ice, based on lowering the freezing point of water, depending on quantity. Dissolved salts are widely used. On many roads to deal with glaze entities. In addition to chloride salts of sodium and calcium from the experience of the GDR can recommend magnesium chloride, which lowers the freezing point of water solution is almost up to - 40 ° Melting Ice electric heating elements and heating cables from the electricity generator is cost-effective compared with manual cleaving and removing the ice ICE MOUND, despite the relatively high cost of electricity. To serve one, and sometimes several spans with ICE MOUND sites, only one mobile power station, installed in a jeep or car-terrain serviced by the driver, minder, which periodically (4-5 times a day) makes a shuttle flights. At ICE MOUND object driver-mechanic connects a previously arranged heating elements or heating cables to the switchboard mobile power station, causing the melting of ice or a heating ICE MOUND ICE MOUND waters. At ICE MOUND area can also bring a small portable power station, whose work over several days can completely eliminate the ICE MOUND danger as the water warmed ICE MOUND ICE MOUND cause thawing of ice to form inside the fairly large channels and cavities in which water can circulate ICE MOUND, not frozen quite a long time. Melting ice burning liquid or solid fuel, despite its apparent low efficiency, are used in many domestic and international traffic is mainly due to its simplicity, low cost and very tangible results when used properly, to fight the river channel, ground and mixed ice. The simplest variant of this method is the burning of firewood in the empty metal barrels of fuel with cut lids, heat is transferred from the ice, forming its intensive melting and accelerating the heating of ICE MOUND waters. Sometimes, instead of firewood as fuel use solyarovoe oil, burnt through the nozzle or drip fed from tanks installed at some height above the barrels, which at first quickly immersed in ice thaws ICE MOUND, and then stabilize it. Melting Ice with aggregates is an effective tool protivonalednym. Such units are devices similar to those used in the construction of civil buildings for drying walls (flamethrower). They work on solyarovom fuel, but have a system of furnace tubes in which hot gases discharged from the furnace, causing the melting of ice and ICE MOUND ICE MOUND heating water. This way of dealing with ice dams compared with the melting of ice burning wood in metal drums is more efficient and economical, so it can be recommended for wide use at the operated roads. For a permanent device for melting ice and warming waters are heating ICE MOUND roadways, the bottoms of streams, trays of pipes, bridges beds with electric heating elements built into the design of road structures, and also due to geothermal energy using hot water, steam or hot air heating, channel water floats and framework of electric heating elements. Heating of the carriageway of roads, culverts trays and overhead channels of electric heaters, as the experience of its application, can be very effective protivonalednym means, but it can be applied in the presence of sources of electricity. Heating of road structures and facilities with hot water and steam is recommended if possible get these coolants (in the form of waste from industrial plants). The most feasible organization such protivopalednoy fight in factory areas, access roads. And roads, particularly in populated areas. This way of dealing with the ice extremely reliable and easy to successfully implement the anti-icing, even on large streams with minimal cost to operate the devices. Heating channel water float and frameworks heaters similar to the method described above protivonalednoy struggle with electric heating elements, except that they are not integrated in the design of buildings, and set before them on permanent streams. Float type water heaters are designed primarily to combat the ice formed in the ditches, flumes and ditches near the roadbed and structures. Bandstop protivonalednye activities and devices. Bandstop protivonalednyo funds are permanent and seasonal. For the seasonal means are seasonal river bed and subsoil permafrost zone, snow and snow and ice walls, boards, planks and sleeper fences, barriers of promorozhennaya burlap. Seasonal river bed and subsoil permafrost zones are areas of land in protecting plants from which removed vegetation, forest and bush, and in early winter and snow, which also periodically cleaned in the winter. Their application is based on creating a waterproof screen in the way of channel and groundwater flows through an accelerated freezing river beds and soil active layer with the subsequent formation of ice accumulation in the removal of protecting road constructions. Snow and snow and ice walls are used to fight with the ground, and mixed (river bed and subsoil) ice. As a rule, the effectiveness of their small, since the ICE MOUND water can easily filter through these trees, although they are trying to make watertight by spraying with water. In addition, the device also requires the use of manual labor. Panel fences as opposed to snowy trees easier to install because they consist of prefabricated sections. However, to create watertight joints between sections of panel fence they have to be sealed with wet snow and pouring water, which is time consuming and undesirable operation. Planks and sleeper fences but compared to the shield require large labor costs for installation, but more effective, since almost no permeable joints, if made of battens. Barrage of promorozhennaya burlap can be recommended as a temporary emergency arrangements. This method of dealing with ice dams is similar to the previous one, but it is lightweight device (roller banners attached to a pre-established posts and, moisturizing, promorazhivayut). By constant bandstop protivonalednym devices include: Channel freezing zone with freezing facilities automatic type, ground freezing belt in the form of cross wide ditches with trees or using an automatic freezing equipment type, embankments with gateways, filter dams krupnoglybnogo of soil, water resistant screens, permanent wooden fence, ryazhevye wall with a stone-filled, reinforced concrete slab fences. Channel permafrost zone with an automatic freezing equipment type differ from the usual channel of permafrost zones using automatic freezing plants in the form of tubes filled with kerosene, which in the summer up on a special frame or rack in a light bridge. In winter, they descended and the river bed and immediately include in the work namorazhivay for only a few days of stable ice dam. Ground freezing belt in the form of cross wide ditches with trees constitute a reserve from which under favorable soil conditions pour earthen wall. Embankments with sluices-shields are most effective in areas with mixed ICE MOUND riverbed-ICE MOUND ground waters. The main difference between them from previous designs - used in the middle of the earthen rampart, usually located in the thalweg of the log with a permanent stream, a gateway in the form of lifting or mortgage shield, lowered at the beginning of the winter season and lifted with the beginning of melting ice in the spring of ICE MOUND. Use of such facilities can protivonalednogo on a number of sites to accumulate more ICE MOUND ICE MOUND field and prevent the exit icing to the protected facility. Sometimes effectively fight the ice, arranging for watercourse several shafts with gateways-shields. Filter dams from krupnoglybovogo rock intended to combat icing on kosogornyh mixed areas, as well as minor by consumption of standing waters. Such protivonalednye facilities do not require bringing them into working condition, since they are self-adjusting for summer and winter modes. For rapid cooling of the body of filter dams at the beginning of the winter use the ventilation ducts, laying of the masonry dam at the device, which circulates cold air, causing freezing water filter ICE MOUND. Watertight screens are used to control ground icing and are made from wooden dowel or mint clay. As a rule, they themselves do not apply, but only complement other protivonalednoe construction (earthen wall or Permafrost Zone). Permanent wooden fence mainly used to fight with mixed riverbed-ground frost or ice on the river channel of permanent streams with low costs (such as absent-key water on kosogornyh sites). Practice has shown that the effectiveness of such devices is not sufficient, since before the onset of the winter season they want to lead in working sostyanie - cover shields the channel of drainage ditches, as well as carefully caulk all cracks and joints. Ryazhevye wall with stone filling are an extension of the above protivonalednyh devices in the form of filter dams, but unlike them less susceptible to deformations of swelling, as well as require less stone for the device. Apply them most suitable for fighting with mixed and ice river channel. In the latter case it is recommended to additionally use a lift or sole gateway shields in the middle part is the log of watercourses, as well as water resistant screen and automatically freezing plant. Reinforced concrete slab fences - durable protivonalednye device, though, and require greater investment. They are less susceptible to various kinds of deformations, such as swelling, from which suffer wooden fence. Construction of these fences can be diverse and depend on local engineering geological conditions, but must have a stand-piles with protivonuchinnymi zaankerivayuschego type devices, as well as shields in the form of thin-walled concrete l lit. The main disadvantage is the need to transfer them to the summer or winter operation. Oteplyayuschie protivonalednye event to be very effective protivonalednym activities constructive type, capable of not only significantly reduce or even completely eliminate the ice dams are oteplyayuschie activities: drawing on the walls and bottom of the tray, canals, ditches, protective shielding, installation of curtain shield insulating covers over the channels, gutters and ditches; translation of the winter flow on the underground switch its stock in a specially arranged sewers and channels, the device short backwater for the formation of the ice roof above the water flows, the device oteplyayuschih decking over ditches, trays and beds of open water flows, the concentration of water flows pass them in narrow trays. These funds protivonalednoy combat are simple and highly reliable, and therefore recommended for wider application. Drawing on the walls and bottoms of the trays, canals and ditches protective insulating coatings applied to reduce heat loss in the beds of watercourses and can be quite effective interventions. As the coatings you can use various materials (from nenoepoksida to wood veneer). Install insulation panels and covers over drainage ditches, gutters and channels can reduce heat loss to the atmosphere and can be very effective measure against the formation of channel ice accumulation. They are made of insulating materials in the form of light hinged structures installed in the operating position at the beginning of the winter season. Translation of the winter flow of open water flows underground stock is very effective in combating river channel ice. You can use the usual collectors are equipped with water intake wells, or Aquiferous channels described above. Device short backwater on permanent streams to form a roof of ice over them does not require any capital investment for its implementation. Helpers can obtain mortgages installing plank boards between the posts, pre-scored into the channel of a watercourse. Immediately after the establishment of stable ice shields up, causing a drop in water level with the formation of the insulating air layer it. Oteplyayuschie decking over ditches, flumes and canals suit made of poles which are laid across the watercourse, and a layer of twigs of coniferous trees, fast data entered by snow and the final design of such protivonalednogo device. These protivonalednye tools are widely used on roads and railways. These shortcomings include the need for manual labor, as well as the annual felling of pine or cedar lapnikom stlannika that does not satisfy the requirements of environmental protection.
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