Wood-frame walls

Requires much less wood than the walls of the timber. Prefab homes can be warm, malozvukoprovodnymi, but the main thing - they are easier to build their own hands. The frame consists of upper and lower studs, walls, strut stiffness and support elements such as intermediate pillars and beams, between which have windows and doors (Fig. 104). Two-story houses can be built on two basic types of frames: with clearance racks on two floors, with floor-stand, that is, one house as it stands on the other. The frame of the first type has a high resistance, but requires a long-length material. The frame of the second type easier and allows the use of short stuff. Fig. 104. Design framework and its parts: a - general view, b - vrubka canting; 1 - brace, 2 - bolt, 3 - Rack 4 - waistrail, 5-gender beam, 6 - the top rail, 7 - beamed ceilings, 8 - beam, 9 - tying Fig. 105. Options for filling the frame: a - kamyshitom b - backfilling, 1, 4 - reeds, 2, 5, 8 - Stand 3 - plaster, 6, 10 - thick paper glassine-7 - Cabin 9 - filling bearing skeleton racks put at a distance from 0,5 to 1,5 m, linking with the size of windows and doors. Corner posts, the frame is made of boards or composite boards, and ordinary - from boards or 60X120 50x100 mm. Bottom rail, which serves as the base frame, is collected from the boards, logs or boards. The corners of the obvjaza nonstop lock vpoldereva. If the floor joists cut in a harness, then the latter is made of two crowns, if they are based on the pillars, then one crown. Framework elements are usually fastened with nails and rarely - thorns. To make the frame more rigidity between the uprights on both sides put the plank struts, downcutting them flush with obvjaza dovetail or poluskovorodnem. Top rack is placed cantrail (better on straight thorns), which cut in ceiling beams. On the beam rafter. Log (bruschatye) beams can be replaced by a section of the boards 50X180 or 50X200 mm, set at the edge. Assembled frame sheathe the outside boards 20-25 mm thick, nailing them to the racks 75-80-mm nails. Instead, boards can be used asbestos cement board or other durable and weather-resistant materials. For warming the walls of the frame house is often made of two layers of planks, the space between them filled with various roll, Slab and granular materials. Roller and plate materials are fastened to nails, and seams promazyvayut plaster mortar or caulk tow. When laying the boards in two layers of sutures between the plates of the first layer should cover plates of the second layer. Stalks of reed plates for single-layer stacking should be placed vertically, while the two-layer - vertically and horizontally. Straw panels soaked for 2 hours at 10% solution of iron sulphate and thoroughly dried (this prevents the plate from rotting and damage by rodents). Ventilation by decreasing, if the plates lay a thick construction paper or cardboard. To protect the filling from moisture vapor moving air in the winter from the premises, to be installed on the inner side wall under a covering insulating layer of glassine, roofing, tar paper or other similar insulating material. Before backfilling the material is mixed with lime-pushenkoy, which take at least 10% of the volume of material for backfill (eg, 90% sawdust and 10% lime-pushenki). Everything is thoroughly mixed to complete homogeneity of composition. Lime-pushenka prevents backfill from the breeding of rodents in it. Apply these materials in dry form. For more uniform mixing of organic materials with lime-pushenkoy these materials are poured in layers of dry earth or a wooden shield-peen and stirred with shovels. Cooked filling voids in laying layers of 200-300 mm and thoroughly compacted (Fig. 105). Material for backfilling may be slag, pumice, sawdust, moss, peat, sunflower husk, fire, tow, chopped cane, straw, etc. The lighter the material, the lower its thermal conductivity. Recall the mass of some bulk materials (in the 1 m3): boiler slag, 1000 kg, granulated blast furnace slag - 700, tripoli - 600, pumice - 500, wood shavings - 300, sawdust - 250-150 dry peat moss, dry-135 , chaff (cutting) -120 kg. All organic materials (sawdust, chaff, peat moss, sawdust, fire, etc, etc.) antiseptic and dried. The big disadvantage of dry fillings - they give a precipitate to form voids. Therefore, when using them have to raise the wall by 200-300 mm above the ceiling beams and completely fill the backfilling, gradually settling, it fills the void. Under the windows instead of filling is better to use slab or fibrous materials. If they do not, you should arrange a sliding window sills and through them to add backfill. To eliminate the flowability insulated filling materials are added to it, turning it into a solid filler. For example, if 85% of sawdust mixed with 10% lime-pushenki and 5% gypsum, the chips will turn into a hard filler, called termolitom. To do this, sawdust or other organic materials used slightly moist, without special drying. First, sawdust mixed with pushenkoy, and then with plaster and then quickly laid in place, carefully ramming. Gypsum from the available moisture in the filling with a little moisture and is grasped by combining the individual particles aggregate in a loose mass which does not shrink it. Can be applied to moist filling, while maintaining a certain ratio of the materials used, which take the bulk and better weight parts: 1) to 1 part organic filler 0.3 parts of lime or ground-pushenki kipelki and 2 parts water, and 2) to 1 part organic filler 0.4 parts of gypsum and 2 parts water. If, instead of the lime-pushenki or ground lime use lime putty, it takes 2 times more, but reduce the amount of water. Prepare the filling of wetlands so. Peen poured on layers of organic filler and binder, all thoroughly mixed, then wetted with water. Packed with easy seal backing dries up in the construction of three - five weeks, depending on temperature conditions. In wood frame buildings with backfill should not be applied steam insulating materials (roofing, roofing material, asphalt, etc.) which are tightened drying, and sometimes lead to the formation of fungus - a dangerous pest of wood. More effective insulation of the organic materials are plate size 50X50 or 70X70 cm and a thickness of 5 to 10 cm of their preparation for 1 part by weight of organic filler take 4 parts of clay dough, 0.3 part of cement, 2-2,5 parts water; or 1.5 parts of powdered kipelki (can pushenki), 0.3 part of cement, 2-2,5 parts water, or part of the gypsum 1,5-2, 2-2,5 parts water, or 1-2 parts clay trepelovidnoy not less than 0.7 parts ground kipelki (can pushenki) and 2-3 parts water. If using lime putty, then its amount is doubled, and water is reduced. Dry pre-mixed material, moistened with water and again stirred until smooth, put into shape, ram, remove the form and dried under cover or indoors. Drying time is dependent on temperature and applied binder. Products with the clay to dry an average of four or five weeks, with gypsum, lime and Tripoli - two to three weeks.