Stage of working drawings

Mikhail Skvortsov In passing phases of construction of individual house we move farther and farther. At the next stage of the project becomes more focused, detailed, and the house - at least on paper - finally gets real. This stage is called the working design. As we recall, the previous stage of conceptual design creates a general architectural solution of the future house: floors are determined by, the composition of the premises, their mutual arrangement. In addition, the installed height of floors and a decision about the presence in the house attic and the attic. The result are usually sketch floor plans and building facades, roof plan and drawing of the location of buildings on the site. Prepared as general explanatory note. At this stage there is still opportunity to easily change something and correct it. Next begins the detailed design stage. Working draft, if desired, too, can be changed, after all written paper - not walls endure, but to do it is more difficult, and time for such reclamation to spend more. To start building must "objectify" in terms of architecture. Detailed engineering involves a very specific look at home, which should be professionally and competently represented as a corresponding set of technical documentation. The working draft house appears not "in general", but quite concretely and in detail - the way he sees an outside observer were built. It has to be precisely defined size, type of foundation, character floors, interior walls, roof form, the project should be included stairs, ledges, balconies, terraces, verandas, and the boiler room and garage. Of course, there is a system of design documentation for construction of individual houses. In particular, the basic requirements for the working project documentation set forth in GOST 21.101-93. There are other regulatory documents, which are not fully regulate the establishment of a working draft until the nuances of drafting of a document. After all, working drawings, we emphasize prepared for future builders who come to the site and start on these drawings to build a house. Although in our case, of course, such details are important only for the professionals, we will not delve. The customer need only a general outline to know what documents are made in the establishment of a working draft and that they should be reflected. Architectural and constructive on the stage of detailed design in the first part of the architectural detail is developed. What is quite clear: the house must appear before the builders of full-scale details and particulars. For this series of documents drawn up, in particular, a master plan for the future house. In some embodies architectural and construction part, the other being worked out and justified by architectural decisions. After that, developed a constructive part, which is no less important. Embodied such developments and in those documents that individually must be shown and described concrete, metal and wood constructions. In the first place is determined by the depth of laying foundation base, and the very foundation should be brought to the working drawings is quite specific, showing all dimensions and features. The pros and cons should be taken into account. Nature of the loads on the ground need to define clearly, in fact, he will dictate a particular unit of the foundation. And if, say, the foundation strip, the width and depth of the so-called "belts" are set accurately and not subject to change. Correct finished basement is extremely difficult, and the costs here can be simply enormous. Blueprint must necessarily take into account the phenomenon of frost heaving of soil, that is the sole foundation must go below the freezing soil. In addition, the documentation prescribed need for waterproofing (this is necessary, as a rule) and its type. Basement waterproofing and basement, as is known, may be different: obmazochnoy, penetrating, vertical, horizontal, etc. And all these details must necessarily be reflected in the working drawings, and not be detected in the construction process at random. Further checks bearing capacity of building structures, selected in the first stage of conceptual design. After which a detailed calculation of all the joists of the building, so that in future, avoid any collapse or cracks in them. Automatically determined by the thickness of the walls and floors, respectively, created the basis for calculating the cost of construction materials. In addition, all units are designed interface Building Structures. The outcome of the second phase of designing a country house is a complete set of working drawings of designs at home. However, the project engineering design drawings, as well-designed architectural part - not all that is required at this stage of design. These documents allow you to create just a "box", while a modern country house is a complex engineering structure with a mass of different communications inside. The cost of engineering systems is comparable to the cost of construction of the foundation, walls, ceilings and roofs (sometimes even more expensive engineering "box"). The most important part of the working draft is the choice of engineering systems of future construction and installation of communication sites, as well as linking them with the architectural and design solutions. Engineering part is usually divided into two systems: internal and external networks. Set of working documents for internal and external engineering networks prepared separately, as agreed in various ways, and the degree of responsibility and competence of the landlord here is different. External networks connected to the common thoroughfares - gas, water, to electrical substations, and needs to be properly interfacing with these communications, along with registration of the relevant approvals. The layout of internal engineering networks is carried out mainly on the whim of the owner of the house. Here, too, should observe a number of prescribed norms and rules of assembly and operation, but freedom as well as a smaller sub. We note in particular stadial reasonable selection of engineering equipment and, consequently, the effectiveness of the detailed design of communications. Yet at the stage of conceptual design is highly desirable to determine the units and in general represent the location of the same boiler, boiler, to know the required amount of water, electricity, consider the power of all consumers of electricity, the need to consider installing a standby generator, to estimate, whether the need for costly water treatment device drinking water, and so p.Vsya this information and decisions made then will serve as the basis for detailed design of engineering systems. Any deficiencies in this part of the project, at best, fraught with substantial extra costs for the reconstruction of already built houses in the worst - or the serious limitations in using the system, or inability to use. For each external system is a set of working papers. For example, when connected to a gas pipeline in these documents should be drawn, passing the section of the pipeline with the appropriate technical justification for its seals and an indication of performance. If you use a liquid fuel, the fuel line with the project shall be provided for a certain amount of the fuel tank, which usually buries itself in the plot. Conform to the design require external electrical network, autonomous system (or central) sewerage and water supply cottage, which is usually a well with pump and plumbing. In drawing up the detailed design of internal and external networks, the homeowner does not make sense to delve into all the details - installation of utilities, as well as installation of equipment are the prerogative of professionals. It is a necessary minimum knowledge, which does not allow to be trapped, even if the contractor is unfair or irresponsible. If we talk about gas heating system, the layout and design of internal networks, and the very layout should carry out a professional company that has licenses for such work. It is desirable that the project involved the location of the gas boiler in a separate room (the exception may be some models of wall hung boilers). If you plan to occasionally change the type of fuel, the possibility of installing a boiler burner on a different type should be reflected already in the documentation of the working draft. All premises where installed gas appliances - boilers, columns, gas stoves, - must be equipped with exhaust ventilation. Dilute the house pipes, which will circulate coolant, should be rationally and naturally, without violating building codes. The homeowner should have a general idea of ??designing a chimney. This is an important part of the heating system (not just gas) should be well thought out and translated into working drawings. Chimney at the same time should not pass near the sleeping quarters, bathrooms and children's cabinet, otherwise life in the house can be poisoned as a figurative and literally. Projects other heating systems are also compiled in accordance with current regulations and by site-specific equipment. Additional concerns above the detailed design stage is not exhausted. At the conclusion should be mandatory to link all accepted engineering systems and building designs. And if the engineering and structural parts are in conflict, you need to make adjustments to the project from one side or another. In addition, the detailed design includes cost estimates for the coming work to both the customer and performers understand the magnitude of future costs. If you do not, work at a certain stage may slow down because not enough money for materials or intermediate payment for work performed. In compiling estimates for all financial considerations must be reasonable, reasoned, and if necessary reflected in the documentation. During the detailed design must be drawn up and interior design project. Before the interior decorating, seemingly far away, but the interior needed to be determined already at this point. And link it with design and engineering solutions are also needed at this time. Indeed, often without the timely this link and then have to sacrifice any interesting design finds, or is already embodied architectural and design solutions. Necessary to compile and organize the construction project, but still must work out the technology, that is, those methods and know-how with which embodied on paper project will be implemented on site. And, of course, be properly and timely to conduct all necessary approvals from the relevant authorities.